Download Revision through past questions

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A- The causes and effects of climate changes
Why has the world’s climate changed since the last ice age?
Explain how two natural processes also contribute to climate change. (4)
Volcanoes (1) emitting dust that blocks incoming radiation (1). Orbital geometry (1) that
changes the amount of solar energy received by Sun. Sunspot activity (1) affects mount of
solar energy emitted (1). 2 marks from 2 different natural processes. (2 x 2)
The causes of current climate change on a local and global scale
Why has the rate of sea level rise increased significantly over the past 20 years? (2)
There has been an increase in energy production from fossil fuels due to more people using
electrical equipment. (1) More people own cars which burn fossil fuels. (1)
Explain how and why car exhaust emissions are a major contributor to global warming?
(4)
Explanation to include four points given from:
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas emitted by car exhausts (1), that intercepts outgoing
radiation (1), thus leading to warming (1). Major contributor as lots of cars/growing
numbers of cars (1).
Explain how the burning of fossil fuels contributes to current climate change. (4)
1 mark per point. Max 2 marks for descriptive points. When fossil fuels are burnt they
release gases which build up in the atmosphere. (1) One of these gases is carbon dioxide (1)
which contributes to the greenhouse effect. (1) The greenhouse effect is when heat energy
is trapped in the atmosphere (1) which causes temperatures to rise. (1)
Explain how fossil fuels have caused the increase in CO 2 emissions. (4)
One mark per point. Causes have to be related to fossil fuels. Credit examples if given eg
coal (1) Credit explanations if given at 1 mark each. Fossil fuels are burnt to provide
energy(1). In China 75% of energy is produced form coal (1). There are many more cars on
the road(1). For example, in Delhi, India, the number of cars has grown from half a million in
1970 to 5 million in 2008(1). Cars use fossil fuels to power them (1).
There has been an increase in the amount of methane being released into the
atmosphere. Suggest reasons why. (3)
One mark per point Points can be developed with greater reasoning or specific examples.
There has been a large increase in the population (1) of countries such as China (1)
therefore more rice is being grown. (1) Large areas of Rainforest have been burnt to provide
land for cattle farming (1)
There are a number of factors that are recent causes of climate change. Choose EITHER A.
The burning of fossil fuels OR B. the increase of methane in the atmosphere. Explain how
your chosen factor causes climate change. (4)
For both: Source of increase identified (1) allow second source if distinctive (1)has increased
because ….. e.g. wealthier people (1) process – trapping heat (1) allow development of
process – e.g. outgoing radiation (1) Any four points
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If chosen factor not stated and not clear from text limit to two i.e a generic greenhouse gas
answer.
The negative impacts (effects) of climate change
Describe the negative effects that climate change is having on the environment. Use
examples in your answer. (4)
One mark per point Max 2 no examples Max 3 if only one example is given. An example
could be Polar Bear or Great Barrier Reef of Maldives for coral reefs. Credit - habitat loss.
Flooding and drought will not be credited unless linked to an area which may be a located
example. Sea levels are rising (1) low lying areas will be flooded (1) in places such as the
Maldives(1) Crop yields are decreasing (1), in countries such as Tanzania (1) Glaciers are
retreating (1) in Antarctica (1)
Answers can be about the effects on both people and the environment. Do not accept
global impacts of deforestation.
Outline the negative effects of a rise in global temperatures. (4)
1 mark per point. Max 2 if list. If global temperatures rise some countries will be flooded.(1)
such as the Maldives (1) Some countries in Africa will have longer periods of drought (1) and
be unable to grow crops. (1) Other answers could focus on retreating glaciers, melting ice
caps.
The responses to climate change – from a local to a global scale
a- Global scale responses:
1- Global agreements between nations (6 marks)
Describe one response to climate change on a global scale. (3)
International body identified (1) basic ‘what they did’ e.g. Kyoto agreement (1) extension of
what they did – who/what where extension (1)
Local scale responses (4 marks for each scheme)
There have been a range of responses to climate change on a local level, such as the ‘live
simply’ campaign. Choose one scheme that you have studied. Outline the main details of
the scheme. (4)
One mark per descriptive point. Credit explanations if given but can still get max marks with
descriptive points. No mark for the name of the scheme. Live Simply campaign can be their
chosen study. Points such as switch off lights when leaving a room (1)Don’t leave computers
on stand-by (1) Walk or take the bus to school.(1)
Explain one local response to climate change. (3)
One mark per point. Max one mark if there are only descriptive comments or an
implicit link to climate change. The answers could relate to schools, local councils and
interest groups or even householders. For example, ‘live simple’ (1) which was initiated by
the Catholic Church to encourage students to make choices about how they live.(1)
Resources were given to schools to make students more aware of how energy production
can cause climate change. (1) By walking to school there will be less emissions.(1)
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B- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE PLANET
1- Definitions and sustainable interpretations of development
2- The development of policies by large companies to make them more sustainable:
5 different ways (to be learned from the textbook)
(i) During the manufacturing of the product: A global company- General electric
(ii) In the recycling of packaging material: The food industry- Asda/Wal-Mart
(iii) By encouraging customers to recycle products: The communications industry- Nokia
(iv) By encouraging employees to be more sustainable in the workplace
Explain how large organisations are becoming more sustainable in the workplace. Use
examples in your answer. (6)
Dartmoor National Park Authority is one large organisation that is being more sustainable.
Explain the policies one other large organisation has developed to make it more
sustainable. (3)
Answer should contain the name of a company and then explain what they are doing. Asda
are recycling their plastic packaging which reduces the amount of waste going to landfill
sites.(1) The plastic waste is reduced to 10% of its original size and then sent away to be
recycled(1).
Nokia are encouraging people to recycle their old mobile phones this is because 100% of the
old phone can be reused(1). Nearly half of old mobile phones are left in drawers at home(1).
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More general comments about reduction in either energy or water usage will also receive
credit.
3- The management of transport in urban areas
Sustainable transport schemes to reduce traffic in the UK
(i)- Congestion charging
What is meant by the term congestion charge? (2)
This is when motorists are charged to go into city/town centres (1). It is usually charged
during times of heaviest use.(1) In London the charge is £8 / £10 (1). the charge applies
during peak periods (1)
Give reasons why cities like Durham have introduced congestion charging. (3)
One mark per point including development of a point
· To stop congestion in city centre
· To control / reduce the flow of traffic across the city
· People use park and ride instead of driving into the city
· To help stop pollution
· To make city centres safer
· To raise money
(ii)- Park and Ride
Park and Ride is a sustainable transport scheme used in many urban areas. Explain how
Park and Ride is a sustainable transport scheme. Use an example in your answer. (4)
1 mark per point. Unspecific points which do not relate to an actual example or
descriptive points, max 2
Credit points about what is meant by Park and Ride.People park their cars in a car park on
the edge of the city. (1) They do not pay to park but pay for the bus journey. (1) It is
sustainable because people are not driving into the city (1) which stops congestion (1) it
helps to cut down use of fossil fuels (1) helps to decrease global warming. (1)
(iii)- Other sustainable schemes. Page 28: Learn 4 bullet points
Outline one other way (than congestion charge) that traffic can be managed in urban
areas. (3)
One mark per point. There will be a wide variety of answers.
Answers should concentrate on one other scheme for example Park and Ride. They can
either describe the scheme or they can locate it either answer should be credited. For
example Cambridge has a park and ride scheme (1). This means that you can park your car
on the outskirts of the city and get a bus into the centre(1). You do not pay to park your car
(1). You do have to pay for the bus ride (1), it costs £2.20 per person (1).
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Explain how transport is being managed in urban areas. You should refer to a number of
different sustainable schemes in your answer. (6)
4- The effects of resource extraction from tropical rainforests and their management.
(a) Effects (impacts) of resource extraction from tropical rainforests
Define ‘resources’.
Natural resources are materials that can be found within the environment. A natural
resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living
organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to
obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
Outline the effects of resource extraction on tropical rainforest environments and the
people who live there. Use examples in your answer. (4)
One mark per descriptive point. Credit explanations if given but can still get max marks with
descriptive points Unspecific points (no examples) max 2 . Max 3 if only one example given.
The examples can be from the same country. An example would be the name of country and
some information about what is happening to the people who live there e.g. Ecuador.
Stomach cancer is 5 times more frequent in the people of the Huaorani becomes of Toxic
water from Oil extraction. Answers can go to max without both people and the
environment. Do not accept global impacts of deforestation.
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Explain the effects of resource extraction on tropical rainforest areas. Use examples in
your answer. (6)
Explain two effects of resource extraction in tropical rainforest areas. One effect should be
on the environment and the other on the local people. (4)
In all cases – basic description of what is happening (1) why this damages local
people/environment. (1)
Logging in the Cameroon
Has opened up the forest to everyone. Animals such as elephants and gorillas are being
hunted (1) For second mark here expect link to be made as in … to everyone (1)so more
people are hunting with elephants and gorillas being killed (1 )Local Baka people work in the
sawmills they are not given protection from the toxic products which are sprayed on the
wood to preserve it from fungus (1) so they become ill (1)
Oil extraction in Ecuador
Hydrocarbons are concentrated in the river water (1) The local people drink the river water,
stomach cancer is five times more frequent in oil exploitation areas. (1) Hydrocarbons are
concentrated in the river water (1) Many plants such as the periwinkle are now an
endangered species (1)
Gold and copper mining in Indonesia
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The waste material from gold and copper mining in Indonesia is dumped into the River
Aghawaghon (1) This pollutes the river (1)
(b) Tropical rainforest management
In many areas of the world tropical rainforests are under threat. With the use of examples
explain some of the ways in which tropical rainforests are being managed. (6)
Explain how resource extraction from tropical rainforest areas is being managed. Use
examples in your answer. (4)
Identification of type of resource extraction (1) detail of damage done/nature of problem (1)
how managed e.g. laws, agreements etc. (1) details of that – impact of this management (1)
example as outlined below.
Examples might ‘examples of management’, ‘examples of different types of resource
extraction’ or ‘different locations’ in the rainforest.
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Explain the management initiatives used in rainforest areas where resources have been
extracted. Use examples in your answer. (6)
The world leaders were keen to reduce deforestation. Suggest reasons why. (2)
One mark per point. Reasons suggested could be about less carbon dioxide is taken out of
the atmosphere(1) or less oxygen is released into the atmosphere (1). Or about disruption
to rainfall patterns(1).