* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ecology of Communities - Sonoma Valley High School
Survey
Document related concepts
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Safety data sheet wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ecology of Communities Types of Species Interactions Species Interactions • Close interaction between species. – – – – – Tuesday 9/5/06 Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Predation Parasitism Competition Mutualism Commensalism Which community is most diverse? Why? Predation • Predators capture, kill, and consume prey. Tuesday 9/05/06 Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 – Predators are adapted to role. – Prey are adapted to survive predator Which species determines the number of the other? Predation Tuesday 9/05/06 Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Mimicry – Prey evolve defenses through natural selection. – Coloration mimics poisonous organism. – Warning coloration Why is the western King Snake not colored like the Arizona King Snake? • Mimicry – Batesian mimicry • One poisonous, one not – Mullerian mimicry • Both poisonous Predation Tuesday 9/05/06 Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Plant - Herbivore • Plants are defending against herbivory. – Thorns, spines, sticky hairs. – Secondary chemicals • • • • Nicotine Strychnine Digitalis Poison oak What animal group is the plant trying to discourage? Parasitism Tuesday 9/05/06 Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Parasite is helped. • Host is harmed. – Ectoparsites – Endoparasites Why does a parasite usually not kill its host? Mutualism Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Both species benefit. • Lichens – – – – 2 layers of fungi Algae cells inside. Algae is kept moist Fungi get food. Are mutualism relationships species specific? Commensalism • One species benefits. • One species is not effected. – Lichens growing on a tree limb. – Cattle egrets and live stock. Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Competition Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Results from fundamental niche overlap. – Competitive exclusion. – When two species directly compete, one will go extinct. What, most likely, is being competed for in this study? Competition Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Results from fundamental niche overlap. – Character displacement – Competitors evolve to different niches. How does the Barn Owl and Red Tail Hawk demonstrate character displacement? Competition Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 • Results from fundamental niche overlap. – Resource partitioning. – Each competing species uses a portion of the resource. – Results in less competition between species. How does the Cape may Warbler differ from the rest of the warbler species? Review Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Review Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 How is a fundamental niche different from a realized niche? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Fundamental niche – Full range of interactions in ecosystem. – All potential resources – Theoretical niche as if no other organisms present Why is the realized niche shown above smaller than the fundamental niche? Key Words: Fundamental niche Realized niche Ecology of Organisms • Modern Biology • Pages 371-372 • Realized niche – All resources actually used. – Competition with other organisms limits fundamental niche. – Something less than the fundamental niche. Which species out competes the other species regarding niche? Properties of Communities • Species richness. – The total number of species in an ecosystem. Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Properties of Communities • Species diversity. – The total number of species in an ecosystem. – Also accounts for the number of each species. Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Patterns of Species Richness • Closer to the equator, the greater the richness. • Reasons why: – Older communities in tropics. – Stable climate – More available energy Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Succession • Gradual regrowth of species after a disruption. • Two types of succession: – Primary (starts with pioneer species) – Secondary (occurs after disruption) • • • • • Fire Flood Storm Human activity Farming Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Primary Succession • Starts slow due to lack of minerals. – Pioneer species first appear. – Eventually soil is produced. – Grasses appear. – Shrubs appear. – Finally trees appear. Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Secondary Succession • Disturbance leaves just soil intact. • Secondary succession starts with grasses. • A stable climax community results. • Some communities never reach stable climax community. Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Energy Transfers in Communities Producers • Producers use energy to produce organic molecules. • Autotrophs – Use energy to produce carbohydrates. – Most are photosynthetic. – Few are chemosynthetic. Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Measuring Productivity • Gross Primary productivity: – The rate at which producers capture energy. – Equal to all of the carbohydrates produced using photosynthesis. Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Measuring Productivity Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 • Net Primary Productivity. – All organic material in an ecosystem is referred to as biomass. – All stored energy in the ecosystem. – Rate at which biomass accumulates is NPP. – GPP - carbohydrates used for living. Consumers • Consumers are heterotrophs. • Obtain energy by consuming organic molecules. • Herbivores • Carnivore • Omnivore • Detritivore • Decomposers Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Energy Flow • Energy is transferred from organism to organism. • Trophic level refers to feeding position in community • Trophic levels: – 1st level = producers – 2nd level = herbivores – 3rd level = carnivore – 4th level = second carnivore Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Food Chains • A single pathway of energy through the ecosystem. • Approximately 10% of energy is preserved in each transfer. • 5% of sun’s energy is preserved in the producers. Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Food Webs • Several food chains interlinked. • Better shows energy flow in an ecosystem. Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Food Webs • Several food chains interlinked. • Better shows energy flow in an ecosystem. Monday 3/23/03 Pages 415-419 Section 22-1 Biogeochemical Cycle • Energy flows through an ecosystem. • Water and minerals recycle in the ecosystem. – Water – Minerals – Carbon Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Wednesday 3/25/03 Pages 420-423 Section 22-2 Water Cycle • Availability of water determines productivity. – Evaporation – Transpiration – Precipitation • 90% of water that evaporates in ecosystem passes through plants. Wednesday 3/25/03 Pages 420-423 Section 22-2 Carbon Cycle • Carbon cycle is composed of two processes: • • • • – Photosynthesis – Respiration Autotrophs do ____. Heterotrophs do ____. Detritivores do ____. Decomposers do ____. Wednesday 3/25/03 Pages 420-423 Section 22-2 Nitrogen Cycle • All living organisms need nitrogen (N2) • 78% of the atmosphere is composed of N2. – Only usable to a few organisms. – Nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixation bacteria. • Breakdown of organic material results in ammonia. • Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Wednesday 3/25/03 Pages 420-423 Section 22-2 Species-Area effect • Larger areas support higher degree of richness. • Example: islands Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 Community Stability • How well a community with stands change. • Species richness improves stability. • Experiment – Grass plots Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1