Download Latinos in Southwest America

Latinos in Southwest America
Chapters 1-9
David Hinds
Important Latinos
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FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO-a Spanish conquistador, who visited New
Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between
1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold.
VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA-a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is
best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513,
becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the
Pacific from the New World.
Father Eusebio Kino-a Roman Catholic priest who became famous in what is now
northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States for his exploration of the
region and for his work to Christianize the indigenous Native American population.
Juan Cabrillo- a Portuguese explorer noted for his exploration of the west coast of
North America on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to
navigate the coast of present day California in the United States.
Father Junipero Serra- a Majorcan Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in
Alta California of the Las California’s Province in New Spain.
Bernardo de Galvez y Madrid- Aided the Thirteen Colonies in their quest for
independence and led the Spanish armies against Britain in the Revolutionary War,
defeating the British at Pensacola and reconquering Florida for Spain.
Vocabulary
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Treaty of Tordesillas- Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west
of the Cape Verde islands.
Mestizo- A traditional term used to denote people of combined Indigenous American and European ancestry.
Council of the Indies- The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, combining
legislative, executive and judicial functions.
Enomienda- Granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to
protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith.
Colonization- Whenever any one or more species populate an area.
Viceroyalty of New Spain- The first of four viceroyalties created to govern Spain's territories in North and Central America.
Mission San Xavier del Bac- A historic Spanish Catholic mission in Arizona near Tucson, on the Tohono O'odham San Xavier
Indian Reservation.
Jesuit Order- a religious order of men called Jesuits, who follow the teachings of the Catholic Church.
Mestizo- A traditional term used to denote people of combined Indigenous American and European ancestry.
Gente de razon- A Spanish term used in colonial and modern Hispanic America to refer to people who were culturally Hispanic.
Vaquero- An animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America.
Treaty of Aranjuez- Signed on April 12, 1779 between France and Spain. France agreed to aid in the capture of Gibraltar, the
Floridas, and the island of Minorca. In return, the Spanish agreed to join in France’s war against Great Britain. Based on the
terms of the treaty, Spain joined the American War of Independence against Britain.
Loyalists- American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
Royalists- the American and European supporters of the various governing bodies of the Spanish Monarchy, during the
Spanish American wars of independence.
Adams–Onís Treaty- Settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result
of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New
World.
Chapters 1-3
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Spain had huge empire before england even came
all laws for the new world came from spain (in theory)
spain made caste system
small minority (and offspring) controlled native and african workers
at same time there was a society in which colonists indains and
africans mixed to form new people
the spanish invasion was very violent
conquistadors led armies through the caribean islands
they plundered villages slaughtered men and captured women
spain made the encomienda system
this system was where colonial lords were given the labour of some
indians
the lord was supposed to protect the indains and also exploit them
it never really worked-it just turned to slavery
Chapters 1-3 (cont.)
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many indians committed suicide
with no labour they raided the bahamas until there was nothing left
with no gold in hispanola they invaded puerto rico jamaica and cuba
the natives told them about cities made of gold
hoping to find these cities they sent exabitions westward
the invasion of central america started in 1511
in 2 years Vasco Nunez de Balboa was in panama
the spaniards made contact with the Aztecs in 1518
the Aztecs moved to the high valley of mexico from the southwest USA
they moved in the 1200's when the toltec empire collapsed
in the marshes of they valley they built the city of tenochtitlan
by the 1400's they were a powerful state
on top of grand pyramids the preists sacrificed people to please the gods
the population of the Aztec capital was 300,00
that is 5 times bigger than the largest city in spain
cortez overthrew the aztec empire in 2 years
the spanish had better weapons and horses
the natives thought that men on horses were monsters and were scared of them
spain found other tribes that wanted to overthrow aztec and made them allies
Chapters 1-3 (cont.)
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the aztecs held up the capital until they got smallpox and killed their army
when silver was found they used mexican labour to mine it
this made spain the mightest state in europe
Barolome de las Casas was a preist that was in the invasion of cuba
he later said it was wrong and he just wanted to convert them and not kill them
Las Casas had friends high up in court and tried to change the treatment of natives but it never
worked
he was one of the first to believe evryone was equal
he wrote a book where he blames spain for millions of deaths
other european countires used his book to condem spain
25 million people lived in the highlands of mexico
that number was reduced to only 1 million
death in war was a small part of the population loss
starvation because the economies were destroyed
food stores were also taken over by spain
birth rates fell because women were so worn out from work
women also didnt want to put a child through these hardships
most died from foriegn diseases
they were separated so long they had no immunties to diseases
some diseases were smallpox measles pneumonia and malaria
Chapters 1-3 (cont.)
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natives lived in a disease free enviorment
they lacked antibodies to protect them from disease
smallpox spread from hispanola to mexico and killed the aztecs
this was advantasious for cortes
war famine low birth rates and disease killed 90% of all natives
this was the greatest demographic disaster in history
syphilis came from the new world and caused an epidemic in europe
by the 1500's syphilis was in asia and africa
Ponce de Leon was the governor of puerto rico
he was the first spanard to conquer north america
he named the land he found florida
it was named after the easter season
florida is the oldest european named place in america
Chapters 4-6
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I.
Slavery in the Spanish colonies
A.
Slavery was used in the Spanish colonies.
B.
The church and the rulers of Spain didn’t like slavery.
1.
It was said to be a violation of Christian beliefs
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Many priest used slaves even they didn’t believe in the use of them
C.
Spain took Florida to make a buffer between French and English colonies
D.
Florida became a refuge for escaped slaves in 1699
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Slaves were offered free land if they converted and defended the colony
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Many slaves and Native Americans made communities around St. Augustine
E.
In New Mexico they relied on forced Indians labor
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The Pueblo revolt was caused by over working of Christian Indians
II.
The Spanish Borderlands
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New Spain had 1 million Spanish colonists and mestizos and 2 million Indians
B.
Mexico City was the most sophisticated metropolis in the western hemisphere
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It also had the worlds best universities
C.
Florida Texas New México and California were very isolated
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They were thought of just as buffer zones.
D.
Florida was the oldest European colony
E.
Fighting between the Spanish, British and the Indians had caused Spain to be just
some forts by the early 1700's
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This is the reason Spain makes alliances with the natives and runaway slaves
Chapters 4-6(cont.)
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2.
F.
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G.
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III.
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St. Augustine was a refuge for runaway slaves and converted natives
New México had very few people and they were mostly poor
New México had 20,000 Pueblos and 10,000 colonists
These settlements were always expanding
They followed rivers and valleys east and north
Social Class
The encomienda system was a way to try and bring back European feudalism
But there was so much land for the taking it was hard to control it
Spanish status was based of racial purity
Espanoles (Spaniards) or gente de razon (people of reason) were at the top of the social ladder
Then mestizos and mullattoes
African slaves and Indians were at the bottom level
The more isolated parts of New Spain were more mixed and the "cast system" disappeared
Everyone but Indians and slaves were called Spaniards
Its ranks and titles came from the old world
Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality
Both New Spain and New France economies stayed the same during the 1700's
While British colonies had a large economic growth
Contrasts in Colonial Politics
New Spain’s administration was very centralized
They were governed be the council of the Indies
Which controlled all of New Spain?
Chapters 7-9
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The politics of the French and Spanish alliance
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Spanish officials in New Orleans helped in the war effort
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They supplied ammunition
Provisions
Cattle
Spain made new tax to pay for the war
Spanish citizens and Spanish colonists were taxed
Father Junipero Serra gave a weekly prayer for American troops
The Spanish feared us as a danger to New Spain
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Spain entered the war in 1779
They only joined the war to get Florida back and to extend their
territories
They attacked Mississippi and gulf coast towns
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Pensacola was won with African American soldiers
When we tried going west of the Appalachians the Spanish claimed
lands there so we couldn’t take them
Chapters 7-9(cont.)
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Negotiating independence
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Spain was left out of negotiations with America and England
Spain gained sovereignty over much of the trans-Appalachian territory that was granted to America
After making a peace treaty with England, Spain got Florida back
Spanish and British hostility
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America was right next to both Spanish and British territories
King Carlos III introduced liberal reforms
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To revitalize the economy in its American colonies
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This included California
The gulf coast
Florida
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The Spanish were suspicious of us
They called us "nomadic like Arabs... distinguished from savages only in colour, language, and the supiority of their
deprived cunning and untrustworthiness"
Spain had a policy to block our expansion in 7 facets
Controlling both sides of lower Mississippi
Closed it to American shipping
American farmers couldn’t sell their crops in New Orleans
Brought people to live in Florida and Louisiana
In exchange for supplies Spain recognized Indian nations as free and independent
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Spain built 2 forts on the Mississippi which turn into Vicksburg and Memphis
After the revolution loyalists ran off to Canada
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New Spain was in a period of rapid economic growth during the 1780's
New Spain had grown to include the French claims to Louisiana
Britain called it upper Canada
Gave loyalists limited self government
British troops stayed in America to create a buffer to American expansion
Chapters 7-9(cont.)
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Northern New Spain: Los Angeles
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Spain sent a ship north from México to claim the pacific coast
They failed at sealing of the fur trade from other countries
The Russians were in Alaska
The British were in Nootka Sound
Then the Americans came in 1787
Spain made a chain of missions in California from San Diego to Sonoma.
The largest mission was in Los Angeles
It was used as a center for government
Texas and the struggle for Mexican independence
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Now the only thing between México and America was Texas and Florida and both those were disputed and unclear
boundaries
Napoleon made his brother king of Spain
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Spain didn’t want the French to sell America Louisiana
They tried to seal off México’s commerce with other colonies
This caused the New World Empire to slip away
Mexico split up between royalists loyal to Spain and populists who wanted equal rights for mestizos and Indians
America saw México’s shaky revolution as another way to expand
The diplomacy of John Quincy Adams
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Andrew Jackson invaded Florida
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This made it clear America could just take Florida
Adams convinced Spain to give us Florida, Louisiana and Oregon
In return he dropped a debt of 5 million dollars Spain owed us.
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And Texas
Spain was too busy with revolts
Quiz 1-3
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1. What was the population of the Azetc capital before the spanish came?
A) 300,000
B) 100,000
C) 56
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2. When did the Spanish invasion of central america start?
A) 1600
B) 1511
C) December 21, 2012
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3. What was the original name of florida?
A) The sandlot
B) De Soto
C) Pascua Florida
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4. What percent of settlers were women during colonization?
A) 50%
B) 10%
C) 75%
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5. Coronado traveled from mexico to the southwest USA between what years?
A) 1539-1542
B) 1250-1290
C) 1490-1492
Quiz 1-3(cont.)
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6. The number of people in the highlands prior to the coming of the spanish was 25 million. What was that number
reduced to?
A) 1 million
B) 500,00
C) 2 million
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7. What was the leading cuase of death to natives?
A) disease
B) killed in war
c) household accidents
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8. Who was the Caribeans named after?
A) The pirates of the caribean
B) The Carib tribe
C) The bean tribe
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9. North america had few or no sickness before the europeans came. True or false?
A) True
B) False
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10. What was mined in brazil at this time?
A) Gold
B) Coal
C) Silver
Quiz 4-6
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1. Jesuits were known for their religious blasphemy
A. True
B. False
2. Mestizos were a mix of what two people?
A. European and Native American
B. Greek and Asian
C. Jewish and African
3. Who had the largest population of colonies?
A. England
B. Spain
C. France
4. The majority of Northern New Spain in 1750 was in present day...
A. Mexico and southwest America
B. Canada
C. West Virginia
5. St. Augustine is the oldest fort in North America
A. True
B. False
Quiz 4-6(cont.)
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6. What year was Florida made a refuge for escaped slaves?
A. 1699
B. 1732
C. 1776
7. to Spain, slavery was frowned upon.
A. True
B. False
8. Spain and France made their colonies to the framework of what?
A. Indian society
B. The old world
C. Eastern culture
9. Spanish colonies had no middle class.
A. True
B. False
10. Spain and France was not very prosperous compared to British colonies.
A. True
B. False
Quiz 7-9
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1. When was the Adams–Onís Treaty signed?
A.1819
B.1945
C.1776
2. The Spanish were on whose side during the American Revolution?
A. French
B. American
C. British
D. Both A and B
3. Who led the Spanish during the American Revolution?
A. Bernardo de Galvez y Madrid
B. Cornwallis
C. George Washington
4. What years did Spain help in the Revolution?
A.1779-1783
B.1776-1812
C.1765-1776
5. Spanish officials in New Orleans helped in the war effort by donating supplies to the U.S. army.
True or false?
A. True
B. False
Quiz 7-9(cont.)
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6. By the end of the war Spain didn't get Florida back. True or false?
A. True
B. False
7. How did the Spanish feel about Americans by the end of the seven years war?
A. Suspicious
B. Accepting
C. Spiteful
8. How many mestizos lived in the Los Angeles mission?
A.50
B.1000
C.300
9. What was the first American ship to go to California?
A. Lelia Bird
B. The Titanic
C. The Carefree learner
10. When did México achieve independence?
A.1914
B.1776
C.1821
Sources
• Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., &
Armitage, S.H. (2003). Slavery and empire & the
cultures of colonial north america. In C.J. Owen
(Ed.), Out of Many (pp. 86-111). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Faragher, J.M., M.J. Buhle, D. Czitrom, and S.H.
Armitage. Out of Many a History of the American
People. Revised Third Edition. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. 165-258. Print.