Download UNIT THREE – STUDY GUIDE

UNIT SEVEN – STUDY GUIDE
History and Organization of Biological Diversity
Using your textbook and notes as needed, answer each question in detailed, complete sentences.
Make sure you begin to work on this now so you have time to ask questions before the test.
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In which type of rock are fossils found?
Describe the process of fossil formation. Begin with the organism dying and is buried in sediment…..
Name and describe the six different ways fossils can be formed.
What is relative dating and on which law is it based?
What is radiometric dating? What is a half life?
When using radiometric dating you are assuming the amount of isotope at formation was what
percent?
If an isotope had a half life of 5, 370 years, how old is the sample if 75% of the original material is still
present? If 50% of the original material is still present? If only 25% of the original material remains?
What is spontaneous generation? How was it disproved by Redi? By Pasteur?
What is biogenesis?
Oparin proposed a primordial soup as a means of producing…..? (Hint: what had to exist first, before
cells?)
Describe the experiment by Miller and Urey. What were they attempting to show/prove?
What role might have clay played in the synthesis of amino acids?
Place the following in the correct sequence:
Evolution of cells, development of genetic code, development of organic molecules, synthesis of
proteins
What were the characteristics of the earliest organisms?
Describe evidence that modern archaebacteria may be most like the earliest cells on earth.
What is the endosymbiont theory? What evidence is available to scientists to support this idea?
What mechanisms had to be in place to allow for the production of our ozone layer?
Define the term evolution.
What were some of the observations made by Darwin on his voyage to the Galapagos Islands?
What is artificial selection?
Define natural selection.
What are the four principles of natural selection?
Relate the processes of natural selection and evolution.
How does natural selection affect the survival of organisms?
What is a fossil?
How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?
What is a transitional fossil? How is it related to ancestral and derived traits?
Define the terms homologous structure, analogous structure and vestigial structure, and give an
example of each.
Explain how amino acids/proteins are biochemical evidence for evolution.
Define mimicry. Give an example.
Define the term camouflage. Give an example.
Describe what is meant by a non-adaptive characteristic and give an example.
What other type of adaptation exist beside morphological. Give an example.
What is genetic equilibrium?
Define the Hardy- Weinberg principle. In order for this principle to hold true, what five conditions have
to be met?
What is the equation used in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? Define the term genetic drift. Does it
greatly affect small or large populations?
Define and give examples of founder effect and bottleneck.
Name at least for ways that genetic equilibrium can be disrupted.
Define and give examples of stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection.
Define prezygotic reproductive isolation. Give 2-3 examples.
A liger and a mule are what type of reproductive isolation? Why?
Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
Define divergent evolution. Give an example.
What is convergent evolution? Give an example.
Differentiate between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.
46. How did Aristotle’s classify plants? Animals? Why would his system not be considered useful today?
47. Define the following terms:
a. classification
b. taxonomy
c. binomial nomenclature
d. phylogeny
48. Why is binomial nomenclature important for biological classification?
49. What two taxa are used for the scientific name of an organism?
50. What does it mean if two organisms have many taxa in common?
51. Differentiate between the three species concepts: typological. Biological and phylogenetic
52. What are morphological characters? What are biochemical characters?
53. What is a cladogram and how is it interpreted?