Download Days(T1)

Agro ecological classification and adaptation of potato and
characterization of target environments considering climate
change
P.M. Govindakrishnan
Project Coordinator
All India Coordinated Research Project (Potato)
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
Multi Environment Trials (MET) is one of the important
activities of any breeding programme.
The objective is to develop varieties with wide
adaptation
Thus the concept of Mega Environments (ME) was
developed.
Mega environment is defined as a broad not necessarily
contiguous area occurring in more than one country and
frequently transcontinental, defined by similar biotic and
abiotic stresses, cropping system requirements and
consumer preferences.
Statistical and classificatory approaches are used to
charaterise the environments and study GEI.
Widely adapted genotypes are not only input
responsive but also input efficient.
The ME concept has proven very successful in
characterising major wheat, maize growing areas.
Relevance of ME to potato
The number of trial sites are too
large.
In the case of potato, it is difficult
to carry out a large number of trials
since seed availability is a
constraint.
Potato is much more responsive to
environment than maize and
wheat, hence the requirement of
trial sites would be too large.
Limitations of ME concept are that locations may vary
temporally from year to year and spatially within farmers’
fields and locally. ME tend to shift from year to year due to
fluctuation in weather pattern.
Resources are becoming a major constraint for extensive
Multienvironment testing (MET) of hybrids
However, wide adaptation is important and would become
all the more important under climate change scenario
where temperature extremes and shift in rainfall pattern
are expected.
In the case of potato in India homogenous regions based on heuristics were developed
and breeders speculated on how well their varieties might perform in the regions.
 Three regions have been delineated in the
IGP based on the growing period
availability.
 The western region where two short
duration crops are feasible.
 The central region where one long duration
crop could be grown
 The eastern region where a single short
duration crop could be grown
During the 80s the AEZ
concept was developed.
Homogenous regions (20)
and sub regions (about
80) were developed.
Each AEZ is identified by a ‘id’ e.g. “A13Eh1” which represents
A = Physiographical region (Western Himalayas);
13 = Soil scape (shallow skeletal soil)
Eh = Hyper (Arid) bioclimatic zone;
1= Length of Growing Period (<60 days)
Based on the AEZ of the trial site some indication of the adaptation domain
of the hybrids can be inferred.
S
No
Agro Id
Region
Eco Sub Region
(ESR)
Soil
AWC
Potato Growing Districts
2
9.1N8Dm_Cd4
Punjab and
Rohilkhand
plains
Hot dry/moist
subhumid
transitional
deep, loamy to
clayey alluviumderived(inclusio
n of saline and
sodic)
medium
Amritsar, gurdaspur, Kapurthala,
Hosiarpur, Jalandhar,
NawanShahr, Una, Roopnagar,
Ludhina, Fatehgarh Sahib,
Panchkula, Chandigarh, Patial,
Solan, Sirmaur, Ambala,
Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra,
Karnal, Saharanpur,
Muzaffernagar, Bijnor, Jyotiba
phule Nagar, Moradabad, Rampur,
Meerut
The AEZ method is not applicable in the case of potato
since Growing Period is determined on the basis of
rainfall probability
There is a lot of variability with respect to growing
season even within the AEZ
Hence the need for agroecological zonation which would
identify niche environments with unique biotic and abiotic
stresses.
Soil and climate information of the trial sites can be used to
classify the point locations into more or less homogenous
environments.
Protocol to link individual trial sites to larger regions for
which they are representative for better targeting of
genotypes.
Spatial analysis can be used to support geographic
targeting of genotypes to environments.
Maps and models can predict how well cultivars will
respond to particular environments.
This has been facilitated in recent years by the availability
of large number of spatial analysis tools.
Software: A number of GIS S/W are available.
Soil data: A number of sources of spatial soil data are
available e.g. FAO 1:5 million soil map of the world, WISE
database, District wise 1:10,000 soil map of India
developed by NBSSLUP etc
Climate: Marksim weather generator, Worldclim, NewLoclim
etc
DEM: 1:90m SRTM data
Satellite data for vegetation mapping : 250m MODIS, SPOT
data and its products
viz NDVI, LAI etc
Options available:
I Climate matching
Environmental data on the sites of variety trials can give information
for targeting genotypes to other environments.
Many tools are available for climate similarity analysis
BIOCLIM is one method which uses temperature and rainfall data to
determine the climate similarity of different locations.
CLIMEX is another climate matching software which gives an index of
similarity of different locations.
The climate matching tools classifies locations with similar climates but
do not consider information specific to a crop.
In India we used the
climate similarity
analysis methods to
identify regions in the
north east similar to the
Indo Gangetic plains
DOP1*
DOP2*
DOP3*
Days(T1)
Yield(T1)
Days(T1)
Yield(T1)
Days(T1)
Yield(T1)
NE
82
490.9
86
505.7
87
530.5
IGP
84
487.8
90
515.9
97
546.6
II Physiological approach to adaptation - perhaps more relevant in the
case of potato
i) Delineate the growing period for potato based on thermal regime
ii) Characterise the region on the basis of potential productivity, biotic
and abiotic stresses
iii) Conduct MET and relate crop performance to phenology using
models
iv) Delineate target domains for the hybrids based on biophysical
attributes of the target environments and phenology of the test hybrids
i) Delineate the growing period for potato based on thermal regime
Temperature constraints for
the identification of the potential growing
seasons :
- a daily minimum temperature above 5 °C;
- a daily maximum temperature below 30 °C;
- a minimum accumulated temperature
requirement of 1500 °Cday
(base temperature 2 °C);
- a maximum accumulated temperature
requirement of 3000 °Cday
(base temperature 2 °C).
Thermally suitable growing period
for potato in India
The heat unit accrued at 60, 75 and 90
days are different at different locations
hence the development stage of the crop
is different at different locations
ii) Characterise the region on the basis of potential productivity, biotic and abiotic
stresses
Meteorological factors, cultivar
characteristics
Stresses due to nutrients, water and
pests and diseases; management
When we compare the actual yield with
the potential yield, the performance of
the test hybrids vis a vis the potential
yield may indicate the adaptability of
the hybrids
iii) Conduct MET and relate crop performance to phenology using models - Integration
of physiology in breeding programme under AICRP
Using the temperature, canopy development profile and biomass data simple models
can be used to dissect the yield obtained into its components
iii) Conduct MET and relate crop performance to phenology using models - Integration
of physiology in breeding programme under AICRP
Tuber growth phase
Pre emergence phase
Tuber initiation
Emergence
Planting
Dry Weight
Haulm growth phase
Dissecting the yield into
the components would
help in better targeting
of genotypes
Growth Duration (thermal time)
a
b
iv) Delineate target domains for the hybrids based on biophysical attributes of the target
environments and phenology of the test hybrids
Target environments can be characterised on the basis of environmental, edaphic and
other stress factors affecting the growth and development of the crop.
Maps showing a plateau areas (long day, high night temperature, low radiation, mite and
early blight
b) the areas prone to night temperaure stress
c) the change in stress degree hours (quantification of temperature stress in terms of
deviation from optimum) due to climate change
c
Maps showing the analogue
stations of Jalandhar, Agra,
Gwalior and Patna
III Adaptation of genotypes to
climate change: Climate
analogues is another method of
studying genotype adaptation
under climate change situation
Maps showing the
analogue stations of
Kannauj and Burdwan
Climate Change Scenarios for South Asia
2010-2039
SubSeaso Temperature, Precipitation,
egions
n
deg C
%
South
Asia
2040-2069
Temperature, Precipitation,
deg C
%
2070-2099
Temperature, Precipitation,
deg C
%
DJF
A1FI
1.17
B1
1.11
A1FI
-3
B1
4
A1FI
3.16
B1
1.97
A1FI
0
B1
0
A1FI
5.44
B1
2.93
A1FI
-16
B1
-6
MAM
JJA
SON
1.18
0.54
0.78
1.07
0.55
0.83
7
5
1
8
7
3
2.97
1.71
2.41
1.81
0.88
1.49
26
13
8
24
11
6
5.22
3.14
4.19
2.71
1.56
2.17
31
26
26
20
15
10
CO2 levels: 393 ppm by 2020; 543 ppm by 2050 and 789 ppm by 2080
Source: IPCC, 2007
Climate change data sources
Thanks for your
attention
ICAR Regional committee meeting I – ATR CPRI Shimla and
AICRP Potato
P.M. Govindakrishnan
Project Coordinator
All India Coordinated Research Project (Potato)
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
CPRI Shimla
1. Concerted efforts are required by all the R&D Institutions in the region to
develop complete economical packages of practices for organic farming of
cereals, vegetables, horticulture crops, and medicinal and aromatic plants (
MAPs).
Action taken :
Projects under the National Project on Organic Farming funded by the Department
of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture ( Gvot. of India) and CPRI
developed to
- develop package of practices of organic farming for potato production involving
different organic nutrients sources viz. use of farmyard manure, compost, biofertilizers, green manuring , crop residues incorporation etc.
-biopest control with the use of botanicals/organic sources for insect/pests and
disease management
-Training programmes have also been organized to the extension officials/ farmers
on organic farming systems.
2. Package of practices needs to be developed to check the
recurrence of high incidence of dieseases in crops cultivated under
protected cultivation. Poly houses need standardization.
Action taken : As potatoes are not grown under polyhouse
conditions, the point does not
AICRP (Potato) No recommendation.