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10/01/57 Overview Immune system infection Virus infection Fungus infection Parasite infection Bacteria Immunity to infection Animal Immunology Vibuntita chankitisakul , D.V.M.,Ph.D. Goal How to classify immunity by time ?? (stages, cells involved in immune responses) To understand basic principles of defense against infections induced by: Bacteria - extracellular - intracellular Virus Fungus Parasites http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/187/figure/F2?highres=y What are the mechanisms of HMI and CMI?? Conclusions…… http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/defence_ against_disease/index.htm 1 10/01/57 Make sure you understand these following words… Innate immunity Physical barriers Chemical barriers Phagocyte Neutrophils Eosinophil Basophils Macrophage Monocytes Acquired immunity Cellular immunity Humoral immunity T, B lymphocytes Antibody NK cells Complements Cytokine Interferon Microbes Immunity response to microbial infection Site of infection microbiologists deal with four fundamental kinds of microbial infectious agents bacteria fungus viruses parasites helminthes (worms) protozoa (single-celled) (intracellular) http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/site/week/iotw030711.xhtml http://2011annualreport.nichd.nih.gov/ump.html 2 10/01/57 Extracellular Intracellular Site of infection Organisms Bacteria, protozoa, fungus, worms Protective immunity Antibodies, Complement, Phagocytosis, Neutralization Viruses, bacteria, protozoa,fungus Cytotoxic T-cells, NK cells Location of infectious agents in host tissue is of the essence for development and differentiation of immune responses Microbial type Extracellular Intracellular Bacterium E. coli, Salmonella Mycobacteria, Listeria Fungus Candida Histoplasma Parasite Helminths (worms) Plasmodium Virus None All Bacterial infection 1. Extracellular bacteria Bacterial infection are capable of replicating outside host cells Inflammation Toxins (endotoxin, extoxin) 2. Intracellular bacteria ability to survive and even to replicate within phagocytes Tuberculosis https://www.inkling.com/read/cellular-and-molecular-immunology-abbas-7th/chapter-15/immunity-to-extracellular Extracellular bac. Immune responses 1) Innate immunity Complement activation Activation of phagocytes and inflammation Extracellular bac. Immune responses 2) Acquired immunity Humoral immunity is a major protective immune response Neutralization of toxins Complement activation Opsonization Phagocytes 3 10/01/57 Extracellular bac. Acquired immunity Extracellular bac. Acquired immunity Intracellular bac. Immune responses 1. Innate and adaptive immunity to intracellular bacteria ability to survive from antibodies CD4 Innate immunity Phagocytes and NK cells Bacteria stimulate Macrophage to release Cytokines, then stimulate NK cells to release IFN to activate macrophage (activated macrophage) CD8 Intracellular bac. Immune responses 2) Adaptive immunity CMI Virus infection 4 10/01/57 Viruses •Viruses do not have ribosomes and cannot make their own protein •After the virus attaches to the host cell’s membrane, it injects its genetic material which directs synthesis of viral proteins Virus infection Intracellular microorganisms Based on Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide Fungus infection Fungus infection extracellular and intracellular (phagocyte) fungi immunity Innate Neutrophils and macrophages Adaptive immunity CMI (same as intracellular bacteria) Antibody – important for diagnosis only (not for eradication) Parasite infection 5 10/01/57 Parasite infection Complex eukaryotic organisms life cycles protozoa (unicellular) – intra- & extracellular agents helmints (multicellular worms) – extracellular agents Complex Parasite infection Innate immunity Mostly resistant complement and eosinophil phagocytosis (protozoa) and macrophages (worms) Immunity against worms Parasite infection Adaptive immunity Protozoa (intracellular) CMI Worms (TH2 response) (extracellular) Antibody (IgE) + Eosinophil Immunity against helmints (function of eosinophils) 6