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Grammar
Parts of Speech
 Nouns: Name a person, place, or thing.
 Verbs: Express action, condition, or state of
being.
 Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of
words
 Prepositions: Link nouns or pronouns to
another word.
Parts of Speech cont.
 Subject: Tells who or what the sentence about: a
subject is a noun or pronoun.
 Predicate: Tells what the subject is or does. The verb
is found in the predicate.
Four Basic Types of Verbs
 Action
 Linking
 Helping
 Verb Phrases
Action Verbs
 Tell what the subject does. For example:
 Jump, kiss, or laugh
 Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive
 Transitive verbs need a direct object.
 The boss dropped the ball.
 The workers picked it up.
 Intransitive do NOT need a direct object
 Who called?
 Icicles dripped from his voice?
Linking Verbs
 Join the subject and the predicate
 Do not show action
 They help the words at the end of the sentence
name and describe the subject.
 Most common linking verbs: be, feel, grow, seem,
smell, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn,
become.
Linking Verbs cont.
• Linking verbs can also be used as action verbs
• Linking: The kids looked sad.
• Action: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.
 To determine whether a verb is being used as a
linking or an action verb, use: am, are, or is for the
verb. If the sentence makes sense with the
substitution, the original verb is a linking verb.
Helping Verbs
 Helping verbs are added to another verb to make
the meaning clearer.
 Include any form of to be: do, does, did, have, has, had,
shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must.
 They will run before dawn.
 They do have a serious problem.
Conjunctions
 Connect words or groups of words and show how
they are related.
 There are three kinds of conjunctions:
 Coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS
 for, and, but, or, yet, so, nor
 Correlative conjunctions
 both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also,
whether…or
 Subordinating conjunctions
 Link an independent clause (a complete sentence) to a
dependent clause (a fragment).
Subordinating Conjunctions
 After
 Before
 Although
 Even though
 As, as if
 If
 As long as
 In order that
 As soon as
 Since
 As though
 So, so that
 Because
 Though
 Until
 Till
 When
 Unless
 Wherever
 Whenever
What is a preposition?
 Prepositions are words that link a noun or a
pronoun to another word in the sentence.
 Prepositions are used to show the relationship
between a noun or pronoun and some other word in
the sentence.
 A noun ALWAYS follows a preposition
Prepositions
about, above, across, after, against, along, amid,
around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down,
during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near,
of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past,
since, through, toward, under, underneath, until,
upon, with, within, without.
Prepositional Phrase
 A prepositional phrase includes: the preposition, its
object, and any modifiers of the object: up the steep
hill.
 May have a compound object.
 A prepositional phrase can be two or three words
long:




on the wing
in the door
near the violently swaying oak trees
on account of his nearly depleted bank account
You Try…
 You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding
through peanut butter.
 A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a
kick in the butt.
 Of course he will help himself to the biggest
portion, he’s a piggy.
 If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get
done.
Answers
 You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding
through peanut butter.
 A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a
kick in the butt.
 Of course he will help himself to the biggest portion,
he’s a piggy.
 If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get
done.