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Transcript
ANCIENT ROME Origins of Rome (page 2) Story #1: Twins Romulus and Remus were raised by a wolf, and built the city. They fought, Romulus killed Remus, and became Rome’s first king. Story #2: A young prince, a survivor of the massacre at Troy, came from there and started the city of Rome. Story #3: A village on the Tiber river developed over time into the city of Rome, then the kingdom, and finally the empire. Rome borrowed a lot from other cultures, like from the Etruscans (toga, art) and the Greeks (alphabet, gods). P.4 GOVERNMENT & SOCIAL STRUCTURES For first 500 years, Rome was a republic: citizens select leaders who then make the laws. Social Classes of Rome: consuls = two or three men who would run the government. Consuls Senators Patricians (upper class/rich) Plebians (lower classes) Slaves Rome Battles Carthage (page 5) -Carthage was a powerful city-state in North Africa. -Carthage had the best navy, but Rome copied their navy and became better. -Hannibal, a general from Carthage, invaded Roman territory and nearly took Rome. He lost, though, when he went back to defend Carthage. -After 100 years, split into 3 wars (the Punic Wars), Rome finally defeated Carthage: killed all the men tore down the city sowed salt into their fields put the women and children of Carthage into slavery This made Rome the dominant power of the Mediterranean. Page 7 End of the Republic / Hail Caesar! After 500 years as a republic, things changed. It all started with Julius Caesar. Caesar was a Roman general who was known for his successful conquest of Gaul (France) and invasion of England. Julius Caesar took his army into Italy and fought a series of battles against the other Consul of Rome, Pompey. Caesar wins the battles and takes control of Rome as the dictator. After a few years there is fear by some he will proclaim himself the 1st ever Emperor of Rome, so a group of Senators assassinate him. This sparks a long civil war that eventually leads to Caesars nephew, Octavius, becoming the first emperor of Rome, changing his name to Caesar Augustus. 9 Roman Legions For hundreds of years, Rome had a citizen army. People served a few years, then go back to being a regular citizen. Armies started to pull troops from conquered territories, not loyal to Rome. Armies, like Caesars, became more loyal to their commander than Rome. Led to rebellions like his. As soon as Rome was ruled by an Emperor, he took control of pay for troops, and had them swear loyalty to him, not to the Republic. Eventually, fewer and fewer citizens were becoming soldiers, and more and more of the troops were hired mercenaries from the conquered lands. Troops used tall shields, worked in tight units, were well disciplined. They wore helmets, used a medium-size sword called a “gladius.” They often had little or no armor, bore standards with pride, and used music to communicate. 10 Roman Legion Picture (Draw picture regarding Roman Legions) S P Q R Senātus Populusque Rōmānus Meaning: "The Senate and People of Rome" Pages 11 - 13 The Emperors of Rome When J. Caesar died there was a long civil war. At the end of it, Rome had its first Emperor. Augustus Caesar was the first emperor (27BC to 14AD). Here is what he did: Established 40 years of peace & growth. “Pax Roma” or “Roman Peace”. Longest time of peace Europe had ever known. One currency ($) from Rome with his pic. Thousands of miles of paved roads. (“All Roads Lead To Rome”) Built many many bridges, temples, baths, aqueducts. Expanded the empire to twice its size. Other good Emperors: Claudius: Rebuilt treasury, undoing damages of Caligula, built massive aqueducts, and brought England into the empire. Trajan: Expanded the empire to its largest size & massive building projects with peace in Rome. Hadrian: Rebuilt infrastructure, established boundaries of the Empire. (Hadrian’s Wall = Britannia (England)) Marcus Aurelius: Kept empire together by leading armies. Bad Emperors of Rome… o Caligula: killed political opponents, opened brothel in the palace, forced himself on any woman he wanted including his own family, and believed he was a god. o Commodus: no interest in ruling, turning this over to thugs. Disgraced himself by fighting like a gladiator in the arena. o Nero: murdered his mother & wife, took senators' property & severely taxed the people to build his golden palace. Played lyre while Rome burned, blamed Christians for fire, had thousands of them killed. p. 15 & 16 ROMAN ACHIEVEMENTS Eleven Things Rome gave us: 1. Aqueducts: Water to support 1 million people with running water, sewer system, and baths. 2. Concrete: Building material that’s still around 2,000 years later. 3. Latin Language: Became the root language for most European languages, including English/Spanish/French. 4. Entertainment: Built modern style stadiums like the Coliseum (gladiators – 50-80 thousand spectators) and Circus Maximus (horse racing – 150,000 spectators) in Rome for public spectacles. 5. Welfare: Money and food for the poor, often to buy votes. 6. Bound Books: Move from scrolls to books like those we use today. 7. Paved Roads: Thousands of miles for transportation of people and goods. 8. Roman Arches: Led to revolution in architecture and what was possible to build. 9. Julian Calendar: The way of keeping track of time that we use today. 10.Legal System & Government: We copied much of our legal and government systems from them, including a Senate & having separate Civil & Criminal courts. 11.Christianity: Key part of birth and death story of Jesus. At first Rome discriminated against, even executed, Christians. Then a Roman Emperor, Constantine, converted to Christianity, followed by many Romans, until Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Page 18/19 Roman Gladiators Gladiators fought in arenas across the Roman Empire. The largest arena was the Coliseum in Rome. Half of the gladiators were usually slaves, criminals, or prisoners of war. The rest were volunteers, looking for money and fame. They usually spent several years in gladiator school, training, before competing. There were many types of gladiators. The armor, weapons, and opponents they fought depended on what type they were. Example: Bestiarius specialized in fighting animals (bears and lions). Dramatic music played while they fought. It’s believed they fought barefoot and had strict rules to follow. Most of the time, at the end of a fight, a gladiator that lost was spared. P.20/22 Roman Empire Splits The Empire was huge, tough to manage. In 285 AD, Emperor Diocletian split the empire into east and west, with an emperor over each. In 314 AD, Emperor Constantine reunited east and west into one empire again. He moved the capital to the city Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople. In 337 AD, Constantine died, and the empire was broken into 3 parts, each ruled by one of his sons. In 364 AD, Emperor Valentinian took control and split the empire into east and west again. Emperor Theodosius I, reunited the empire once again, but when he died in 395 AD, the empire was split for good by his two sons, with an emperor in Rome, and an emperor in Constantinople. p.22-24 The Fall of the Roman Empire Fall of Rome happened over many years. Rome was conquered and sacked by barbarians under Alaric in 410 AD. In 476 Barbarians took Rome again, overthrew the emperor, and there was no more emperor, or empire (in the West). How was this possible? 1. Too big to govern (get food, supplies, laws, people, ideas to distant areas took too much time). 2. Roman legions were, more and more, made up of barbarians, who were more loyal to their commanders than Rome. 3. There was a 50 year period where 41 people were emperor. Most were corrupt (in it to make money and give themselves more power – not for good of Rome). The empire was not stable. 4. The East was richer and stronger, so when the Empire split the West lost the best part of the Empire. The empire lived on in the east, in Constantinople, calling themselves Roman, but are better known as the Byzantine Empire. This empire lived on for another 1000 years. Besides Constantine, the greatest Byzantine emperor was Justinian: temporarily added some of what used to be the Western Empire back, including Rome preserved roman laws and traditions built the Haghia Sophia, the largest Christian church in the world at the time p.25-28 Rome: Miscellaneous Information o In 79AD a major Roman city, Pompeii, was destroyed by a volcanic eruption. Many died. o The Romans spoke Latin, the root language of many modern languages. o Romans were very religious. Many had shrines in their homes, called larariums, where they worshipped the gods. o The greatest temple in Rome was the Pantheon, which was dedicated to all of the gods. o Half-man, half-goat people are most closely associated to the Roman god Faunus. o Vulcan was the Roman god of Blacksmithing and fire. o Janus was the Roman god who had two faces. o Castor and Pollux are known as the “Heavenly Twins”, and have the Gemini constellation names after them. o In Roman legend, Horatius saved Rome by defending the last bridge into Rome against the Etruscans. o Even when gambling was illegal in Rome, it was still legal during chariot races. o A sacramentum was a Roman military oath. o A cohort was a group of 500 soldiers. o Roman soldiers were often paid in salt rather than gold, which they then traded for supplies they wanted/needed. o The great playwright, Shakespeare, more than 1,000 years after the Roman Empire fell, based four of his plays on Roman rulers/leaders (the best known is called “Julius Caesar”).