Download File - Earth Science

Quarter 3 Warm-ups
Gateway 2013
Warm-up #1- Copy This
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 What is Earth science? NOUN
 geology or a similar earth-related science: a science
that deals with the Earth's physical properties,
structure, or development, e.g. geology
 Identify the four main Earth systems?
 The hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere
Warm-up #2
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 List the four main branches of Earth Science?
Atmospheric science, oceanography, geology, and
astronomy
Warm-up #3
Copy This
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 Compare and contrast the atmosphere to the
hydrosphere. How are they similar? How are they
different?
 Both the atmosphere and the hydrosphere contain
water. The water in the hydrosphere is a liquid, while
the water in the atmosphere is a gas. Much of the
water from the hydrosphere flows over the Earth’s
solid surface. Similarly, the atmosphere floats/flows
over the surface. Both the hydrosphere and the
atmosphere are necessary for life on earth.
Warm-up #4
Copy This
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 Explain how longitude and latitude are used to
locate a point on Earth. Latitude is a measurement of
the distance of a point north or south of the equator.
Longitude is a measurement of the distance of a
point east or west of the prime meridian. Together,
these two measurements give the exact location of a
point on earth
Warm-up #5
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 Explain how a map legend is a useful feature of a
map? P. 25 in text
Warm-up #6 copy this
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 Lithosphere of the earth is the outer solid crust on
the earth's surface, that surrounds the hot molten
core of the earth. The lithosphere consists of about 30
small and large pieces called plates that are
continuously but very slowly moving on the very
hot rocks below it. These hot rocks constitute the
athenosphere of the earth.
Warm-up #7
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 Atmosphere of the earth refers to the layer of air that
surrounds the solid crust of the earth. The atmosphere
extents as far as 1600 kilometers above the surface of
earth. Nitrogen makes up about 78% and oxygen about
21% of the gases present in earth's atmosphere. The
remaining part consists mainly of Argon and small
amount of many other gases, water vapour and dust
particles. The lower part of the atmosphere is called
troposphere. All clouds exist in the troposphere, and
various weather conditions like wind and storms also
take place in it. At altitude of about 1600 kilometers the
atmosphere gradually fades into empty space.
Warm-up #8
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 Hydrosphere of the earth refers to all the bodies of
water and ice on the surface of the earth as well as
the water vapour in its atmosphere. Hydrosphere
makes up about three fourths of the earth's surface.
Warm-up #9
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 What is the GIS system? (p. 29 in text)
Warm-up #10
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 Biosphere of the earth refers to the regions of earth
where life forms such as animals and plants live.
These include the surface of the earth and areas close
to the surface.
Warm-up #11
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 What is matter?
 Matter is anything that can occupy space and has
mass.
 Matter can be things that we can visibly see or not.
 For example, water versus air.
 The classifications of matter include substances,
mixtures, compounds and elements (molecules and
atoms).
Warm-up #12
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 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
 Key Concepts
 Atoms are made of extremely tiny particles called protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
 Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, making up the
nucleus.
 Electrons surround the nucleus.
 Protons have a positive charge.
 Electrons have a negative charge.
 The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but
opposite.
 Neutrons have no charge.
 Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each
other.
Warm-up #13
Atoms
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 Definition
- the smallest particle that has the properties of an element,
basic unit of matter
- surprising the number of atoms is small
- the number of combinations these atoms make are huge
ex. color print: 3 colors can make numerous colors
- 119 distinct atoms as of 1999, form elements
Warm-up #14
Compound
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 Definition
- a substance that is made from two or more simpler
substances and can be broken down into those
simpler substances
ex. H2SO4
Warm-up #15
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 Defining a mineral
 A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid,
with a definite chemical composition, and an
ordered atomic arrangement. This may seem a bit of
a mouthful, but if you break it down it becomes
simpler.
Warm-up #16
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 Minerals are naturally occurring
They are not made by humans
 Minerals are inorganic
They have never been alive and are not made up from plants or animals
 Minerals are solids
They are not liquids (like water), or gases (like the air around you)
 Minerals have a definite chemical composition
Each one is made of a particular mix of chemical elements
 Minerals have an ordered atomic arrangement
The chemical elements that make up each mineral are arranged in a particular way this is why minerals 'grow' as crystals
Warm-up #17
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 To be considered a mineral it must have been formed
by natural geologic processes. Laboratory created
gems (synthetic diamonds, rubies, etc.) don’t count.
 A Solid
By definition, minerals are solid within the normal
temperature ranges of the earth’s surface.
 Inorganic
Generally, a mineral is a naturally occurring solid
with a crystalline structure.
Warm-up #18
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 Mineral: a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid
substance with a well-defined crystal structure and a
 unique chemical composition
 Rock: a naturally occurring substance containing 2
or more minerals.
Warm-up 19
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 MINERALS
 A mineral is the same all the way through. That is
one reason we speak of a sample or a specimen
rather than a rock.
 There are about 3000 known minerals on earth.
 All rocks are made up of 2 or more of these minerals.
Warm-up #20-Copy
This
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 Physical Characteristics of Minerals
 Color
Streak
 Luster
 Density
 Hardness
 Cleavage
 Fracture
 Tenacity
 Habit
Warm-up #21
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 Fracture and Cleavage (calcite, quartz, biotite,
hornblende, pyroxene, galena)
 When a mineral breaks, it will do so in one of 2
ways. It will either be random (fracture), or it will be
along specific planes of weakness that are dictated
by the atomic structure and packing of atoms.
Warm-up #22
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 The Crust—the layer of rock that forms the Earth’s outer skin.
 1. The crust is made up of the dry rock that makes up
continents, and also the rock at the ocean floor.
 2. The crust is extremely thin (5-70km) compared to the other
layers.
 a. The thickest parts are under large mountains (up to 70 km
thick).
 b. The thinnest parts are at the ocean floor.
Warm-up #23
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 Oceanic Crust vs. Continental Crust
 a. Oceanic crust is thin and dense. It is mostly made
of basalt.
 b. Continental crust is thick and low density. It is
mostly made of granite.
Warm-up #24
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 The Mantle—the second layer of Earth is made of
very hot, solid material. The mantle is nearly 3000km
(1864 miles) thick.
Warm-up #25
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 Core—the innermost layer of Earth made up mostly
of iron and nickel. It is about 3486 km (2166 miles) in
thickness.
Warm-up #26
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 Lithosphere—outermost rigid layer of Earth that is
composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is about
100 km (62 miles) thick. This layer is broken into
tectonic plates.
 Asthenosphere—soft layer of the mantle on which
the lithosphere moves. This layer is softer, but still
solid.
 Mesosphere—The lowest layer of the mantle. It is
hotter and under more pressure than the previous
layers.
Warm-up #27
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 Outer Core—The extremely hot, liquid layer made of
nickel and iron. It is under enormous pressure.
 Inner Core—A dense ball of solid metal. The temp.
is hot enough for it to be a liquid, but the pressure is
so great the atoms cannot spread to become a liquid.
Warm-up #28
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 Forces in Earth’s Crust
 Stress—Forces that act on a rock and change its shape or
volume.
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 Rocks can change two ways-folding or faulting when
stressed
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 Types of Stress
 Tension—pulls the crust, stretching it apart. Occurs where two
plates move apart.
 Compression—squeezes rocks until they break or fold. Occurs
where two plates collide.
 Shearing—Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions.
Can cause a rock to break or slip apart.
Warm-up #29
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 Faults—When rocks break under stress. Most
occur at plate boundaries since plates are moving
apart, coming together, and sliding past each
other.
 Normal Fault—tension pulls rocks apart and hanging
wall moves down relative to footwall.
 Reverse Fault—compression squeezes rocks and
hanging wall moves up relative to footwall.
 Strike-Slip Fault—shearing stress pushes rock on either
side of fault in opposite directions
Warm-up #30
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