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Carbon: Transformations in Matter and Energy Environmental Literacy Project Michigan State University Plants Unit Activity 5.4: Molecular Models for Potatoes Growing: Biosynthesis Unit Map You are here Connecting Questions about Processes at Different Scales: Biosynthesis Scale Unanswered Questions Macroscopic Scale How do potatoes grow? Microscopic Scale How do potatoes’ cells use small organic molecules to grow? Atomic-Molecular Scale How do cells make their large organic molecules? 3 Plants use food in two ways Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Food To Cells Energy: Cellular respiration 4 Plants make other small organic molecules from glucose and minerals The result of photosynthesis is glucose, then plants use the glucose to make other small organic molecules (monomers). AMINO ACID FATTY ACID GLUCOSE GLYCEROL What happens inside the cells of a growing stem? Monomers are used to make polymers. SMALL = Monomers LARGE = Polymer STARCH GLUCOSE 6 How Atoms Bond Together in Molecules • Atoms in stable molecules always have a certain number of bonds to other atoms: – Carbon: 4 bonds – Oxygen: 2 bonds – Hydrogen: 1 bond • Oxygen atoms do NOT bond to other oxygen atoms if they can bond to carbon or hydrogen instead. • Chemical energy is stored in bonds between atoms – Some bonds (C-C and C-H) have high chemical energy – Other bonds (C-O and O-H) have low chemical energy Remember what’s in plants PROTEIN Spinach (Leaves) Peanuts (Seeds) FAT STARCH 8 Build a Plant Stem Cell (Biosynthesis) Build STARCH molecule by taping 3 glucose monomers together. Notice you will need to cut an –H and –OH from glucose. Tape these together to make water. Chemical change 9 10 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in when plants make starch or cellulose? Chemical change Glucose monomers Starch polymer (+ water) Reactants Products 11 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy when plants make starch or cellulose? Chemical change Glucose monomers Reactants Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Starch polymer (+ water) Products Build a Plant Stem Cell (Biosynthesis) Build PROTEIN molecules by taping 4 amino acid monomers together. Notice you will need to cut an –H and –OH from each amino acid. Tape these together to make water. Chemical change 12 13 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy when plants make proteins? Chemical change Amino acid monomers Protein polymer (+ water) Reactants Products 14 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy when plants make proteins? Chemical change Amino acid monomers Reactants Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Protein polymer (+ water) Products Build a Plant Stem Cell (Biosynthesis) Build FAT molecules by taping 3 fatty acid monomers to 1 glycerol molecule. Notice you will need to cut an –H and –OH from each fatty acid and glycerol. Tape these together to make water. Chemical change 15 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy when plants make fats? Chemical change Fatty acids + glycerol Fat (+ water) Reactants Products 16 What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy when plants make fats? Chemical change Fatty acids + glycerol Reactants Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Fat (+ water) Products 17