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Name__________________________________________ Hour________________ Score_______ Chapter 6 (Learning): Guided Reading (Use for pages 126-149) 1. A __________________________________ is something that produces a reaction or a response. 2. Classical conditioning occurs when two stimuli have been repeatedly ______________________ with each other. 3. The earliest findings about classical conditioning resulted from research done by ________________________ 4. An _______________________ ___________________________ ____________________________ is automatic. It is a reflex. 5. A _____________________________ ____________________________ is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. 6. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. Classical conditioning may be adaptive. 7. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. Many pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be made before taste aversion can occur. 8. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. Becoming sick from eating a certain food can be a genuine learning experience. 9. When the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ______________________________________________________________ may occur. 10. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. A response that has spontaneously recovered has the same strength as when it was in full force. 11. If Pavlov’s dogs salivated to all bells then ________________________________ has occurred. 12. If Pavlov’s dogs salivated to only a B flat bell then _________________________ has occurred. 13. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. Generalization is more adaptive than discrimination. 14. My daughter loves to “go bye bye”. Whenever we go out she waves excitedly. Every time I put on my shoes my daughter and I go out. Now, whenever I get my shoes my daughter gets excited and waves enthusiastically. LABEL: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ____________________________________________________ (this is what causes the reflex) Unconditioned Response (UCR)____________________________________________________ (this is the reflex that occurs before any conditioning has taken place) Neutral Stimulus (NS)____________________________________________________________ (initially this did not cause any reaction) Conditioned Stimulus (CS)________________________________________________________ (this is the previously neutral stimulus) Conditioned Response (CR)_______________________________________________________ (this is the learned response) 15. If my daughter only gets excited when I get my tennis shoes but not any other shoes _________________________________________________________ has occurred. 16. True or False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s) necessary to make it a true statement. Psychologists prefer to use systematic desensitization over flooding to help people overcome fears because flooding may prove to be quite unpleasant. 17. The experiment that Watson and Raynor conducted with Little Albert has been criticized because it is unethical. Explain why it is considered to be unethical _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 18. Albert’s fear of a rabbit and a fur coat was due to _____________________________________ 19. In ________________________ ________________________ a new response is conditioned to an old stimulus by repeatedly pairing it with another (usually unpleasant) stimulus. 20. In operant conditioning we learn because of the __________________________ of our actions. 21. Provide an example of a behavior you learned through operant conditioning (label the response and the consequence) _____________________________________________________________________________ 22. Identify one way in which operant and classical conditioning differ. (Be specific please). Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning 23. _________________________ is the person who is most associated with operant conditioning. 24. _________________________ increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. 25. In order for operant conditioning to occur people need ______________________ about their responses. 26. Reinforcers that are inherently valued are called ______________________ reinforcers. 27. _________________ reinforcers get their value from their association with primary reinforcers. 28. Provide an example of a positive reinforcer ______________________________. 29. True or False (Circle the correct answer. If the statement is false, change the word(s) necessary to make it a true statement.) In order for a stimulus to be a positive reinforcer it must be a pleasant stimulus to everyone. 30. A negative reinforcer increases the likelihood of a behavior by ________________________ an unpleasant stimulus. 31. List four types of reinforcements 1._________________________________ 3.___________________________________ 2._________________________________ 4.___________________________________ 32. Which type of reinforcement increases the behavior when it is removed? ___________________________________________________________________________ 33. List two differences between negative reinforcement and punishment (do not just write definitions) Negative Reinforcement vs. 1. 1. 2. 2. Punishment 34. Which to is usually more effective? 1) to reward a child for desirable behavior or… 2) to punish a child for undesirable behavior? _____________________________________________________________________________ 35. Behaviors can be maintained on either a continuous reinforcement schedule or a ____________________________________________ reinforcement schedule. Which reinforcement schedule tends to result in behaviors that last longer after they are no longer being reinforced? ____________________________________________________________ 36. Complete the semantic map below: Partial Reinforcement Schedule Interval Schedules Fixed Interval _________________Schedules ___________ Interval ___________Ratio __________________ 37. If a behavior is no longer reinforced ________________________________ will occur. 38. Rewarding close successive approximations is called __________________________________. 39. True or False (Circle the correct answer. If the statement is false, change the word(s) necessary to make it a true statement.) B.F. Skinner is interested in only the cognitive factors of learning. 40. Learning that is done in the absence of reinforcement is called ___________________________ 41. _____________________________________ did extensive research on observational learning. 42. Zeon watches one hour of public television a day (½ hour of Barney, and ½ hour of Teletubbies). Zelda watches one hour of cartoons a day (½ hour of Power Rangers and ½ hour of Road Runner). Everything else being equal, which one of these two children are more likely to be violent him/herself? Why? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 43. What are the six steps in the PQ4R method of learning? 1.______________________ 3. ______________________ 5. ______________________ 2.______________________ 4. ______________________ 6. ______________________