Download Chapter 6 Guided Reading

Name__________________________________________ Hour________________ Score_______
Chapter 6 (Learning): Guided Reading
(Use for pages 126-149)
1. A __________________________________ is something that produces a reaction or a response.
2. Classical conditioning occurs when two stimuli have been repeatedly ______________________
with each other.
3. The earliest findings about classical conditioning resulted from research done by
________________________
4. An _______________________
___________________________
____________________________ is automatic. It is a reflex.
5. A _____________________________ ____________________________ is a learned
response to a previously neutral stimulus.
6. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
Classical conditioning may be adaptive.
7. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
Many pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be made before taste
aversion can occur.
8. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
Becoming sick from eating a certain food can be a genuine learning experience.
9. When the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS) ______________________________________________________________ may occur.
10. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
A response that has spontaneously recovered has the same strength as when it was in full force.
11. If Pavlov’s dogs salivated to all bells then ________________________________ has occurred.
12. If Pavlov’s dogs salivated to only a B flat bell then _________________________ has occurred.
13. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
Generalization is more adaptive than discrimination.
14. My daughter loves to “go bye bye”. Whenever we go out she waves excitedly. Every time I put
on my shoes my daughter and I go out. Now, whenever I get my shoes my daughter gets excited
and waves enthusiastically.
LABEL:
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ____________________________________________________
(this is what causes the reflex)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)____________________________________________________
(this is the reflex that occurs before any conditioning has taken place)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)____________________________________________________________
(initially this did not cause any reaction)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)________________________________________________________
(this is the previously neutral stimulus)
Conditioned Response (CR)_______________________________________________________
(this is the learned response)
15. If my daughter only gets excited when I get my tennis shoes but not any other shoes
_________________________________________________________ has occurred.
16. True or
False (Circle the correct answer). If the statement is false, change the word (s)
necessary to make it a true statement.
Psychologists prefer to use systematic desensitization over flooding to help people overcome
fears because flooding may prove to be quite unpleasant.
17. The experiment that Watson and Raynor conducted with Little Albert has been criticized
because it is unethical. Explain why it is considered to be unethical
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
18. Albert’s fear of a rabbit and a fur coat was due to _____________________________________
19. In ________________________ ________________________ a new response is conditioned
to an old stimulus by repeatedly pairing it with another (usually unpleasant) stimulus.
20. In operant conditioning we learn because of the __________________________ of our actions.
21. Provide an example of a behavior you learned through operant conditioning (label the response
and the consequence)
_____________________________________________________________________________
22. Identify one way in which operant and classical conditioning differ. (Be specific please).
Classical Conditioning
vs.
Operant Conditioning
23. _________________________ is the person who is most associated with operant conditioning.
24. _________________________ increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
25. In order for operant conditioning to occur people need ______________________ about their
responses.
26. Reinforcers that are inherently valued are called ______________________ reinforcers.
27. _________________ reinforcers get their value from their association with primary reinforcers.
28. Provide an example of a positive reinforcer ______________________________.
29. True or False (Circle the correct answer. If the statement is false, change the word(s)
necessary to make it a true statement.)
In order for a stimulus to be a positive reinforcer it must be a pleasant stimulus to everyone.
30. A negative reinforcer increases the likelihood of a behavior by ________________________ an
unpleasant stimulus.
31. List four types of reinforcements
1._________________________________
3.___________________________________
2._________________________________
4.___________________________________
32. Which type of reinforcement increases the behavior when it is removed?
___________________________________________________________________________
33. List two differences between negative reinforcement and punishment (do not just write definitions)
Negative Reinforcement
vs.
1.
1.
2.
2.
Punishment
34. Which to is usually more effective? 1) to reward a child for desirable behavior or…
2) to punish a child for undesirable behavior?
_____________________________________________________________________________
35. Behaviors can be maintained on either a continuous reinforcement schedule or a
____________________________________________ reinforcement schedule. Which
reinforcement schedule tends to result in behaviors that last longer after they are no longer
being reinforced? ____________________________________________________________
36. Complete the semantic map below:
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Interval Schedules
Fixed Interval
_________________Schedules
___________ Interval
___________Ratio
__________________
37. If a behavior is no longer reinforced ________________________________ will occur.
38. Rewarding close successive approximations is called __________________________________.
39. True or False (Circle the correct answer. If the statement is false, change the word(s)
necessary to make it a true statement.)
B.F. Skinner is interested in only the cognitive factors of learning.
40. Learning that is done in the absence of reinforcement is called ___________________________
41. _____________________________________ did extensive research on observational learning.
42. Zeon watches one hour of public television a day (½ hour of Barney, and ½ hour of
Teletubbies). Zelda watches one hour of cartoons a day (½ hour of Power Rangers and ½ hour
of Road Runner). Everything else being equal, which one of these two children are more likely
to be violent him/herself? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
43. What are the six steps in the PQ4R method of learning?
1.______________________
3. ______________________
5. ______________________
2.______________________
4. ______________________
6. ______________________