Download NOUNS: PERSON, PLACE, THING, (IDEA) PART OF SPEECH

September 17, 2014
NOUNS: PERSON, PLACE, THING, (IDEA)
PART OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
Action word VERBS:
SIMPLE SENTENCE:
EXAMPLES
(linking or helping)
One independent Avarice is the downfall of many.
clause
CLAUSE:
INDEPENDENT
(Main) CLAUSE:
Collection of words • since she laughs at that has a subject foolish men
• I despise individuals that is actively of low character
working with a • because she smiled verb
at him.
A clause that could stand by itself and • I despise individuals form a complete of low character
sentence with punctuation
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How do you turn an independent clause into a simple sentence?
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PART OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
There are three kinds of A word that connects conjunctions, a or joins together CONJUNCTIONS: primary class of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences COORDINATING conjunctions & a secondary class ­ SUBORDINATING or SUBORDINATE conjunctions
&
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
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PART OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
* So
since
after
Connect two although
unequal parts, e.g., when
whenever
dependent and so that
supposing
as
independent because
where
clauses
whereas
than
that
before
wherever but that whether
though
though
if
which in order that
who
till
lest
while
no unless
matter until how
why
what even though
COORDINATING Connect two equal CONJUNCTIONS: parts of a sentence
SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS:
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­2 independent clauses John went to the •
joined by , and for, and, store, but it was nor, but,or, yet
closed.
COMPOUND ­Or 2 independent • John went to the SENTENCE: clauses joined by ;
store; it was ­Or 2 independent closed.
clauses joined by ; + • John went to the conjunctive adverb + ,
store; however, it was closed.
I , fanboys I
or
I ; I
or
I ; ______ ,
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CONJUNCTIVE Adverb that functions like a conjunction by ADVERBS:
expressing the [Independent clause] ; relationship between conjunctive independent adverb , sentences.
[independent clause] .
accordingly in fact
again
instead
also
likewise
besides
moreover
consequently then
finally
namely
nevertheless
for example
otherwise
further
still
furthermore
that is
hence
therefore
however
thus
indeed
• The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.
• The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
• Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer gift.
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A main (independent) clause contains a subject and its verb and expresses a complete idea. It can stand alone as a sentence.
In the following examples, the subject is underlined once, and the verb is underlined twice. MAIN CLAUSES:
American folklore includes stories, songs, and more. Many characters in folklore stories are fictional. Others are based on real­life people, such as Daniel Boone.
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PART OF SPEECH
PHRASE:
DEFINITION
Phrases do not have a subject or predicate. EXAMPLES
­leaving behind the dog
­smashing into a fence
­before the first test
­after the devastation
­between ignorance and intelligence
­broken into thousands of pieces
­because of her glittering smile
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PART OF SPEECH
SUBJECT:
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
The person, place, You can find the subject thing, or idea that is of a sentence if you can doing or being find the verb. Ask the something. What question, "Who or what the sentence is 'verbs'?" and the answer to that question is the about.
subject. For instance, in the sentence "The computers in the Learning Center must be replaced," the verb is "must be replaced." What must be replaced? The computers. So the subject is "computers." A simple subject is the subject of a sentence stripped of modifiers.
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PART OF SPEECH
PREDICATE:
DEFINITION
Verb plus its
baggage
EXAMPLES
• My little brother broke his finger.
• His uncle Bob asked for directions.
• Those soldiers carried guns.
• The babysitter arrived late. 10
September 17, 2014
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it ­­ the answer is the subject.
The audience littered the theatre floor with torn wrappings and spilled popcorn. • The verb in the above sentence is "littered." • Who or what littered? The audience did. • "The audience" is the subject of the sentence. • The predicate (which always includes the verb) goes on to relate something about the subject: what about the audience? • It "littered the theatre floor with torn wrappings and spilled popcorn."
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Although there is a SUBORDINATE subject working with a verb, a subordinate DEPENDENT
conjunction is placed CLAUSE:
in front of the clause. That subordinate conjunction means that the clause can't stand independently by itself and become a complete sentence. Instead, the dependent clause is dependent upon another clause­­it can't make a complete sentence by itself, even though it has a subject "doing" a verb. • since she laughs at ugly men
• when the saints go marching in
• because she smiled at him
_____________________
These clauses simply do not form complete thoughts or sentences by themselves. Those subordinate conjunctions­­since, when, and because­­cause the listener to expect some extra material. CLAUSE CANNOT STAND BY ITSELF!!!
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PART OF SPEECH
PRONOUNS:
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
Word that takes the
place of noun
Word that describes
ADJECTIVES:
a noun
Word that describes
ADVERBS:
a verb, adjective, or other adverb
­Begins a phrase
­Words which relate
a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence
PREPOSITION:
LIST
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COMPLEX SENTENCE:
1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses
I D
OR
D, I
• John went to the store because he needed milk.
• When John went to the store, he forgot his wallet.
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A subordinate (dependent) clause contains a subject and its verb but does not express a complete idea. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.
The word subordinate means, "occupying a lower position." We use subordinate to label clauses that are in a lower position than, or dependent upon, a main clause. Specifically, the subordinate the subordinate clause depends on the main clause to complete the expression of thought.
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What is the difference between a subordinate clause and an independent clause?
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SENTENCE REVIEW:
I + COMMA + COORDINATING CONJUNCTION + I =
OR
I + SEMICOLON + I =
OR I + SEMICOLON + CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB + COMMA + I
WHAT TYPE OF SENTENCE?
D + COMMA + I = OR I + D =
WHAT TYPE OF SENTENCE?
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(A) Two independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a pure conjunction. However, a comma by itself will not work. (Using a comma without a conjunction to hook together two sentences creates a comma splice!)
[Independent Clause] , pure conjunction [independent clause] .
Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens, and the mortals below cowered in fear.
I dodged the bullet, but Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Susan appreciated the flowers, yet a Corvette would be a finer gift.
(B) Two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb are separated by a semicolon. However, the writer still needs to insert a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
[Independent clause] ; conjunctive adverb , [independent clause] .
Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.
The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer a gift.
(C) Two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction are separated by a semicolon.
[Independent clause] ; [independent clause] .
Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens; the mortals below cowered in fear.
The bank robber dodged the bullet; Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Susan appreciated the flowers; a Corvette would be a finer gift.
In the examples above, you can see that the semicolon does the same job as both a comma and a conjunction.
(D) A dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence is introductory, and like most bits of introductory material, it is usually followed by comma. A dependent clause following the main (independent) clause is usually not punctuated.
Examples Using Introductory Clauses:
While the gods thundered in the heavens, the mortals below cowered in fear.
As the bank robber dodged the bullet, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Though Susan appreciated the flowers, a Corvette would be a finer gift.
But on the other hand, no punctuation is necessary for the dependent clause following the main clause:
The gods thundered in the heavens as mortals below cowered in fear.
The bank robber dodged the bullet while Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Susan appreciated the flowers even though a Corvette would be a finer gift.
NOTE 3: By placing a subordinate conjunction in front of any independent clause, the writer transforms a perfectly good sentence into a fragment! Be careful, and use your conjunctions wisely. In the sentence fragments below, the clauses are dependent. To fix the problem, the grammarian must either connect them to another clause or delete the subordinate conjunction (in blue).
Sentence fragments caused by subordinate conjunctions:
As mortals cowered in fear.
While Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
Although a Corvette would be a finer gift.
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