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Download Quiz 1 – Lectures 1-5. Brainstorm. 1. Introduction: a. Natural Capital
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Quiz 1 – Lectures 1-5. Brainstorm. 1. Introduction: a. Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Natural Services i. Natural Resources: Soil, water, renewable/non-renewable, wood, minerals, solar energy, etc. ii. Natural Services: water purification, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, food production, waste reduction, etc... b. Natural Capital Degradation. i. Cause: Unsustainable Resource use 1. Depletion, or Damage ii. Other causes: Poverty, technological impacts, economic policies iii. Ecological Footprint: productive land+water needed to sustain one person/community c. Sustainability i. Definition: ... ii. Four characteristics of sustainable ecosystems 2. Earth / Environment a. “spheres”: geo-, pedo-, atmos-, hydro-, biob. Components of ecosystems: producers, consumers, etc. i. Photosynthesis, respiration ii. Ecosystem dynamics: Food webs / trophic levels c. GPP / NPP d. Nutrient cycling: i. carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur/minerals, water ii. needed for growth, often limiting 3. Biodiversity and Evolution a. Biodiversity: definition, breadth i. Importance, relation to adaptibility, cycling of matter/energy, etc. b. Evolution i. History of life on Earth, of humankind; phylogeny ii. Genetic variation, mutations iii. Natural Selection leads to speciation iv. Adaptations: structural, physiological, behavioral v. Large vs. small populations: adaptability and genetic drift vi. Coevolution vii. Convergent evolution 4. Ecology: engineer’s perspective, “structure & function” a. Matter & Energy in ecosystems i. Matter: nutrient cycling ii. Energy: photosynthesis/respiration, ecological efficiency b. Types of ecosystems i. Biomes: Land / Aquatic ii. Causes of differences: Latitude, Altitude, Temperature, Precip, species make-up iii. “network of patches” c. Types of species i. Specialists vs. generalists ii. Native iii. non-native, including invasive iv. Indicator v. Keystone vi. Foundation d. Species Interactions i. Competition ii. Predation iii. Parasitism iv. Mutualism v. Commensalism 5. Population a. Malthus b. Bathtub model for population change c. Population growth: i. “J” curve: intrinsic growth ii. Logistic growth, carrying capacity, environmental resistance iii. Steady vs. Irruptive/Malthusian growth 1. Opportunists, r-selected species 2. Competitors, k-selected species d. Definitions: Crude birth rate, crude death rate, total fertility rate, replacement rate e. Population pyramids f. Demographic transition