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Global chapter 6 section 1-2 Front Republic Patrician Plebeian Back System of gov't in which officials are chosen by the people Member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome Member of the lower class: includes farmers, merchants, artisans, & traders Official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests Tribune They could veto laws they felt were harmful to plebeians Veto Power to block a gov't action Legion Basic unit of ancient Roman army, made up of 5,000 soldiers Ruler who has complete control over a gov't; a leader appointed to rule for 6 months Dictator in times of emergency Official from the Patrician class who supervised the gov't and commanded the Consul armies • the most powerful gov't body in early republic • 300 members: patricians Senate • served for life • elected 2 consuls each year- only served 1 term Dictator that left his plow, organized an army,amended victory celebrations, & Cincinnatus returned to his fields- all within 16 days Global chapter 6 section 1-2.... More Front Laws of 12 Tables 270 BCE Citizen- soldiers Punishments/ rewards Conquered people had to.... In return, Rome let them keep their own..... Back Plebeians demanded part in the gov't, and equality. 1st breakthrough: they claimed that they couldn't know what the laws were because they weren't written down: gov't inscribed the laws on 12 tablets & set them up in Forum (the marketplace) Rome had conquered all of Italy by this time Fought w/out pay & supplied own weapons Reward: praise & gifts Punishment: 1 in every 10 men in the disgraced legion was put to death • acknowledge Roman leadership • pay taxes • supply soldiers • customs • money • local government Few Privileged groups got the highly prized right of full citizenship, or partial citizenship,& were allowed to marry Romans & carry on trade with in the growing city on the Tiber • to protect it's conquests, Rome posted soldiers throughout the land Italy began to unite •network of all weather military roads to link distant provinces to Rome under Roman rule..... • trade/ travel increased, local languages put Latin in & adopted customs/ beliefs • between 264 BCE- 146 BCE • 3 wars against Carthage Punic Wars • 1st war: Rome • • father - Hamilcar Hannibal • leader of Carthaginian army • 218 BCE- from Spain, across pyrenees, thru France, over alps For 15 yrs Hannibal went across Italy , winning battle after battle. • never able to capture Rome • Rome attacked cartage and Hannibal went home to protect it Second Punic War • Rome defeated Hannibal • Rome had control over western Mediterranean • Gloabl chapter 6 section 1-2...... Again Front 3rd Punic War How did winning an empire affect Rome? Gracchus Brothers Caesar Back • allowed hannibal to remain free • Hannibal fled east & drank poison rather than surrender to Rome • Cato- carthage must be destroyed! • rome attacked Carthage- survivors were killed or sold as slaves • new class of wealthy- huge estates (latifundia) • slave labor hurt small farmers • landless went to cities for work • gap between rich and poor widened • angry mobs/ riots/ corruption Tiberius: • tribune in 133 BCE • distribute land 2 farmers Gaius: • 10 yrs l8tr • public funds 2 buy grain 4 poor Both brothers were killed, which showed that Rome could no longer solve it's problems peacefully • brought Gaul (France) under Roman control • Pompey told Caesar to disband army & cum home- Caesar - no Absolute Ruler of Rome • reforms: public works, public land to poor, reorganized gov't of Octavian & Antony A Stable Government Good and bad emperors The Roman Peace (Pax Romana) Family & Religion Bread & Circuses provinces, gave citizenship to more peeps & new calendar • Ides of March- fortune teller warned him of this day- he was stabbed to death that night Antony: • caesars chief general • ally: cleopatra Octavian: • grandnephew • beat Antony • Augustus : Exalted One • absolute power- republic came to an end • civil service charged with enforcing the law • high-level jobs were available to all men- regardless of class • cities & provinces: large amount of self government • tax system: census • postal service • new coins to make trade easier • jobless to work on roads, temples & farms • Good: hadrian & Marcus aurelius Bad: Caligula & Nero • peace, unity, prosperity • trade from Africa, India, china, Egypt & Iran & Persia Family: • father: absolute power • patrician women: larger role in society • women: businesses, but most worked at home Education: girls & boys learned to read & write (some wealthy had tutors) Religion: • Roman Gods & goddesses • Roman calendar • mystery religions- life after death Circus Maximus: • largest racecourse- chariots • gladiator contests (gladiators were slaves, could win freedom, but he could also be killed) • amusements controlled cities mobs Bread: • provided free grain to the poor • warned against "bread & circuses" but no1 listened