Download Parts of Speech

Parts of
Speech
NOUN
• Person, place, thing, idea
• Common (n): names a general noun; begins
with a lower case letter (i.e. city)
• Proper noun (N): names a specific noun;
begins with a capital letter (i.e. Alabaster)
• Possessive (pos. n., pos. N): shows ownership
(i.e. girl’s, Luci’s)
Pronoun (pro)
• Used in place of one or more nouns or
pronouns
• The word the pronoun stands for is called its
ANTECEDENT
– Mrs. Flowers opened the book and began reading
it.
Personal pronouns
• Refers to the one speaking (first person), the
one spoken to (second person) or the one
spoken about (third person)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
First person
I, me, my, mine
We, us, our, ours
Second person
You, your, yours
You, your, yours
Third person
He, him, his,
She, her, hers
It, its
They, them,
their, theirs
PRONOUNS (pro)-reflexive (ref)
• Reflects back to “self”
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Demonstrative pronoun (dem)
• THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
• Points out a person, a place, a thing, or an
idea
– Ex: This is Ernie’s bike.
Interrogative pronoun (int)
• WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
• Introduces a question
– Ex: Who is the author of “Flowers for Algernon”?
Relative pronoun (rp)
• THAT , WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
• Introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause
– Ex: Mr. White received the two hundred pounds
that he had wished for.
Indefinite pronouns (ind)
• Refer to a person, a place, or a thing that is
not specifically named
• Ex: All of them wanted to hear the story of
Urashma Taro.
• Ex: The travelers saw someone.
• Most common indefinite pronouns: all, any,
anyone, both, each, either, everybody, few,
many, none, no one, one, several, some,
something
ADJECTIVE (adj)
• Modifies nouns and pronouns (i.e. I have a
green pen. They are happy.)
• Answers the questions “Which one?” “How
many?” or “What kind?”
• ARTICLES (art): a, an, the
• PROPER ADJECTIVE (Adj): proper noun used as
an adjective (American flag)
VERB
• Shows action or helps to make a
statement
• ACTION VERB (av):
• LINKING VERB (lv):
• HELPING VERB (hv):
ACTION VERB (av)
–Shows action
–Examples:
• She wrote a note.
• The dog smells the flower.
LINKING VERB (lv)
– Links two words together
– The most common linking verb is “to be”
Am
Are
Is
Was
Were
Be
Being
Been
– “sense” verbs are also often linking verbs, such as
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem,
smell, sound, stay, taste, etc.
• Ex: The flower smells pretty. (flower=pretty)
HELPING VERB (hv)
– “helps” an action verb or linking verb
– If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are
helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are
helping, etc.
BE
WILL
CAN
SHALL
MAY
HAVE
DO
am, are,
is, was,
were, be,
being,
been
will,
would
can,
could
shall,
should
may,
might,
must
have,
has,
had
do,
does,
did
• Ex: We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is an
action verb.)
• Ex: She will be cold without a jacket. (Be is a linking
verb.)
ADVERB (adv)
• Modifies adjectives (i.e. really cute), verbs
(extremely fast), and other adverbs (very
easily)
• Answers the question “How?”, “When?”,
“Where?”, or “To what extent?”
• NOT, NEVER, OFTEN, and ALWAYS are always
adverbs
PREPOSITION (prep)
• Shows relationship between a noun or
pronoun and some other word in the sentence
• i.e. We went to school. We went up the stairs.
• Common prepositions include: across, after,
against, around, at, before, below, between,
by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on,
over, since, through, to, under, until, with,
according to, because of, instead of, etc.
CONJUNCTION
• Joins words, phrases, and
clauses
• COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc):
• CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj):
• SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc):
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc)
• acronym FANBOYS
–(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
–Ex: I ran AND jumped.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj)
–not only/but also
–neither/nor
–either/or
–both/and
–Ex: Both Emily and Hannah have
pencils.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc)
–Starts adverb (adv) dependent clauses
(and therefore must be followed by
subject and verb)
–Most common are: after, since, before,
while, because, although, so that, if,
when, whenever, as, even though,
until, unless, as if, etc.
–Ex: I have known Susan since I was 11.
INTERJECTION (int)
• Expresses emotion but has no real connection
with the rest of the sentence
• Set apart from the sentence by a comma or an
exclamation point
• i.e. No, I’m not finished with my homework.
Wow! What a great new car!
VERBAL
• A word formed from a verb but
acting as a noun, adjective, or
adverb
• GERUND (ger)
• PARTICIPLE (part)
• INFINITIVE (inf)
GERUND (ger)
–Verb acting like a noun; ends
in ING
–i.e. Reading is fun.
PARTICIPLE (part)
–Verb acting like an adjective;
ends in ING, ED, or other past
tense endings
–i.e. I have running shoes.
Frightened, I ran down the
street. It’s an unspoken rule.
INFINITIVE (inf)
–To + verb
–Can act like a noun (I like to
eat), adjective (It’s the best
place to eat), or adverb (I need
a pen to write a letter)