* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 2005 Nuclear FRQs - AP Chemistry Olympics
Survey
Document related concepts
Fallout shelter wikipedia , lookup
Gamma spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear fission wikipedia , lookup
Isotopic labeling wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear fission product wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents wikipedia , lookup
Technetium-99m wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear binding energy wikipedia , lookup
Valley of stability wikipedia , lookup
Radioactive decay wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear drip line wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry Part II - Free Response Questions & Answers 1970 to 2005 Nuclear Chemistry Teachers may reproduce this publication, in whole or in part, in limited print quantities for non-commercial, face-to-face teaching purposes. This permission does not apply to any third-party copyrights contained within this publication. Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry. Questions copyright© 1970-2005 by the College Entrance Examination Board, Princeton, NJ 08541. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. apcentral.collegeboard.com. This material may not be mass distributed, electronically or otherwise. This publication and any copies made from it may not be resold. Portions copyright © 1993-2005 by Unlimited Potential, Framingham, MA 01701-2619. Compiled for the Macintosh and PC by: Harvey Gendreau Framingham High School 115 “A” Street Framingham, MA 01701-4195 508-620-4963 419-735-4782 (fax) 508-877-8723 (home office) www.apchemistry.com [email protected] [email protected] Requests for copies of these questions and answers as e-mail attachments for either the Macintosh or the PC (MS-Office files) should be sent to: [email protected]. Please include your name, school, school phone, name of principal/headmaster and school website address. Don’t forget to include the file format you want, Mac or PC. Nuclear Chemistry page 2 1989 D cur spontaneously, although both processes release The carbon isotope of mass 12 is stable. The carbon energy. isotopes of mass 11 and mass 14 are unstable. Howev- Answer: er, the type of radioactivity decay is different for these (a) When nucleons are combined in nuclei, some of two isotopes. Carbon-12 is not produced in either case. their mass (mass defect) is converted into energy (a) Identify a type of decay expected for carbon-11 (binding energy) which is released and stabilizes the and write the balanced nuclear reaction for that nucleus. decay process. (b) Alpha particles have a greater mass than beta par(b) Identify the type of decay expected for carbon-14 ticles. Thus, their speed (penetrating potential) is and write the balanced nuclear reaction for that less. decay process. (c) The neutron/proton ratio in Sr-90 and Cs-137 is (c) Gamma rays are observed during the radioactive too large and they emit beta particles (converting decay of carbon-11. Why is it unnecessary to inneutrons into protons) to lower this ratio. clude the gamma rays in the radioactive decay (d) Large amounts of energy are needed to initiate fuequation of (a)? sion reactions in order to overcome the repulsive (d) Explain how the amount of carbon-14 in a piece of forces between the positively charged nuclei. wood can be used to determine when the tree died. Large amounts of energy are not required to cause Answer: large unstable nuclei to split apart. 11 11 0 (a) Positron decay: 6C 5B1 1997 D OR Answer each of the following questions regarding ra11 0 11 Electron capture: 6C1e 5B dioactivity. 14 14 0 (a) Write the nuclear equation for decay of 23494Pu by (b) Beta decay: 6C 7N1 alpha emission. (c) Gamma rays have no mass or charge (or they are energy) so they need not be shown in nuclear (b) Account for the fact that the total mass of the products of the reaction in part (a) is slightly less equations. than that of the original a(234, 94)Pu. (d) Measure the amount of C-14 in the dead wood. Compare with the amount of C-14 in a similar liv- (c) Describe how , , and rays each behave when they pass through an electric field. Use the diaing object. gram below to illustrate your answer. 1991 D Explain each of the following in terms of nuclear models. (a) The mass of an atom of 4He is less than the sum of the masses of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. (b) Alpha radiation penetrates a much shorter distance into a piece of material than does beta radiation of the same energy. (c) Products from a nuclear fission of a uranium atom (d) Why is it not possible to eliminate the hazard of nuclear waste by the process of incineration? such as 90Sr and 137Ce are highly radioactive and Answer: decay by emission of beta particles. 234 4 230 (d) Nuclear fusion requires large amounts of energy (a) 94Pu 2 + 92U Due to a printing error, the student’s answer booklet had the Puand to get started, whereas nuclear fission can oc239 isotope. Therefore, the following is a valid response. Nuclear Chemistry 239 Pu 2 + 94 4 235 page 3 U 92 (b) This mass defect has been converted into energy. E = mc2 (c) An alpha particle, or He nuclei, has a 2+ charge and would be attracted to the (-) side of the electric field. A beta particle, , or electron, has a single negative charge and is attracted to the positive side of the electric field, but since it is much lighter and faster than an alpha it would not be as (d) The half-life of a radionuclide is independent of strongly deflected. Gamma, , rays are not charged its environment. Incineration will neither accelerand, therefore, not deflected by the electric field. ate its decay nor render it non-radioactive. Halflife is a function of its nucleus, incineration is a function of its electrons. Copyright ⌐ 1970 to 1998 by Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ 08541. All rights reserved. For face-to-face teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Portions copyright ⌐ 1993-8 Unlimited Potential, Framingham, MA 01701-2619.