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Chapter 21
“The Furnace of the Civil War”
Battle of Bull Run #1
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Lincoln felt the war would be a swift one. Believed that
one decisive knockout punch would dispel the folly of
secession.
On July 21, 1861, ill-trained Yankee recruits swaggered out
toward Bull Run to engage a smaller Confederate unit
After initial success by the Union, Confederate
reinforcements arrived and, coupled with Stonewall
Jackson’s line holding, sent the Union soldiers into
disarray.
After the Confederate victory it was clear that this would
not be a quick war. The Civil War became a war of
exhaustion
Defeat better than victory for the Union
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Dispelled the illusions of a one-punch war and caused
the Northerners to buckle down to the staggering task
at hand.
Map of Bull Run
Pictures of Bull Run
George McClellan
► 1st
commander of the
Army of the Potomac
► 34 years old and loved
by his troops
► Brilliant general from
West Point
► Superb organizer and
drillmaster
► Cautious to a fault
Peninsula Campaign
► McClellan
was very slow to act on Richmond
► After pleading by Lincoln, McClellan finally agreed
to a water-borne approach to Richmond, called
the Peninsula Campaign, taking about a month
to capture Yorktown before coming to the
Richmond
► Lee launched a devastating counter attack. The
Confederates drove McClellan back to the sea and
the assault on Richmond was abandoned
Union’s Total War Plan
► Suffocating
blockade
► Liberation of Slaves to undermine the South
► Capture Richmond the capital of the
Confederacy
► Cut the Confederacy in two by seizing
control of the Mississippi River
► Grind the South into submission
Blockade of South
War at Sea
► Union
blockade provided mixed results
► Britain, who would ordinarily protest such
interference in the seas that she “owned,”
recognized the blockade as binding, since
Britain herself often used blockades in her
wars
► Monitor vs the Merrimack
Union’s Monitor
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the Monitor, built for the Union
navy in the U.S. Civil War by John
Ericsson. Launched in Jan., 1862,
the Monitor was 179 ft long, of
41.5-ft beam, and weighed 1,200
tons. A revolving turret, protected
by 8 in. of iron armor and
containing two 11-in. smooth-bore
guns, was its main feature. The
sides were covered by iron plates
from 3 to 5 in. thick, with about 27
in. of wood backing, and the deck,
only 18 in. above water, was
shielded with 1-in. armor. The ship
was moved by steam power, with a
screw propeller. Monitors were
used extensively in the Civil War,
but the type had limitations—it was
too heavy to navigate the oceans—
and was eventually abandoned
Merrimack
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On 20 April 1861, when Virginia
authorities took over the Norfolk Navy
Yard after its evacuation by Federal
forces, they found, among other
valuable items, the hulk of the steam
frigate USS Merrimack. Though burned
to the waterline and sunk, the big ship's
lower hull and machinery were intact.
During the remainder of 1861 and the
first two months of 1862, the
Confederate States Navy raised,
drydocked and converted her into a
casemate ironclad ram, a new warship
type that promised to overcome the
Union's great superiority in conventional
warships. Placed in commission as CSS
Virginia in mid-February 1862, the ship's
iron armor made her virtually
invulnerable to contemporary gunfire.
► http://www.ship-
paintings.com/large
_images/monitor_a
nd_merrimac.JPG
Battle of Antietam
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Battle occurred after the Confederate victory at the battle of Bull Run
#2.
Confederated hoped to take advantage of momentum, convince
Maryland to secede, persuade European counties to help, and relieve
pressure coming down on them from the North.
McClellan’s men found a copy of Lee’s plans and were able to stop
the Southerners at Antietam on September 17, 1862 in one of the
bloodiest days of the Civil War
Jefferson Davis was never so close to victory as he was that day, since
European powers were very close to helping the South, but after the
Union army displayed unexpected power at Antietam, that help faded
The Union Victory at Antietam enabled Lincoln to introduce the
Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Antietam
Antietam the single bloodies day of
fighting in American History
22,720 Casualties in a day
Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
► Issued by Abraham
► "all persons held as
Lincoln on January 1, 1863
slaves within any State or
designated part of a State, the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion against the United
States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free."
► The proclamation also authorized the recruitment
of African Americans as Union soldiers.
► By the end of the Civil War, approximately
180,000 African Americans had served in the
Union army and 18,000 in the navy.
Lincoln and the E.P.
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This print is based on David
Gilmore Blythe's painting of
Lincoln writing the Emancipation
Proclamation. Blythe imagined
the President in a cluttered
study at work on the document
near an open window draped
with a flag. His left hand is
placed on a Bible that rests on a
copy of the Constitution in his
lap. The scales of justice appear
in the left corner, and a
railsplitter's maul lies on the
floor at Lincoln's feet.
Value of the E.P.
► Although
the E.P. never freed a single slave
it had much value:
 Civil War became a a war not only to save the
Union but also a war to free the slaves
 Served to strengthen the moral cause of the
war
 A call-to-arms for African-Americans
 Ensured that Europe would not get involved in
the conflict
African-Americans
Arlington, Virginia Band of 107th U.S. Colored Infantry at Fort
Corcoran
Pre- Gettysburg
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After Antietam, A. E. Burnside (known for sideburns) took
over the Union army, but he lost badly after launching a
rash frontal attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on Dec.
13, 1862.
“Fighting Joe” Hooker (known for his girls, aka
prostitutes) was badly beaten at Chancellorsville,
Virginia, when Lee divided his outnumbered army into two
and sent “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the Union flank,
but later in that battle, Jackson’s own men mistakenly
shot him during dusk, and he died
Lee now prepared to follow up his stunning victory by
invading the North again
Second time South invaded North.
Stonewall Jackson
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Next to Robert E. Lee himself, Thomas J.
Jackson is the most revered of all Confederate
commanders
A graduate of West Point (1846), he had
served in the artillery in the Mexican War,
earning two brevets, before resigning to
accept a professorship at the Virginia Military
Institute
In his greatest day he led his corps around
the Union right flank at Chancellorsville and
routed the 11th Corps
Reconnoitering that night, he was returning to
his own lines when he was mortally wounded
by some of his own men.
Following the amputation of his arm, he died
eight days later on May 10, 1863, from
pneumonia
Lee wrote of him with deep feeling: " He has
lost his left arm; but I have lost my right
arm."
Gettysburg
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Lee now prepared to invade the North for the second and
final time, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, but he was met by
new General George G. Meade, who by accident took a
stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley and the
Union and Confederate armies fought a bloody and brutal
battle in which the North “won.
In the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), General
George Pickett led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful charge
up a hill that ended in the pig-slaughter of Confederates
Battle lasted from July 1-3 1863
Huge victory for Union
South never able to mount an offensive war again
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address
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Four score and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war,
testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -this ground. The brave men, living and dead,
who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which
they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here
dedicated to the great task remaining before us
-- that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion -- that
we here highly resolve that these dead shall not
have died in vain -- that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth
Gettysburg Cemetery
Battle of Vicksburg
Victory came on same day
as the victory of
Gettysburg. (July 3, 1863)
► Hero of the battle was
General Ulysses S. Grant
► The victory combined with
General Farragut’s victory
at New Orleans enabled
the Union to control the
Mississippi River and thus
securing one of their major
goals
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Grant
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Grant has been described as a
"butcher" for his strategy,
particularly in 1864, but he was
able to achieve objectives that
his predecessor generals had
not.
a mediocre West Point graduate
who drank a lot and also fought
under the ideal of “immediate
and unconditional surrender.”
Lincoln finally found his general
(8th time was a charm)
Sherman’s March to the Sea
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After Grant cleared out
Tennessee, General William
Tecumseh Sherman was
given command to march
through Georgia, and he
delivered, capturing and
burning down Atlanta before
completing his famous
“march to the sea” at
Savannah
His men cut a trail of
destruction one-mile wide,
waging “total war” by cutting
up railroad tracks, burning
fields, and destroying
everything.
Charleston South Carolina Post- Sherman
Election of 1864
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Republicans – Lincoln
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The Congressional Committee on
the Conduct of the War was created
in 1861 was dominated by “radical”
Republicans and gave Lincoln much
trouble.
Copperheads were those who totally
against the war, and denounced the
president (the “Illinois Ape”)
In 1864, the Republicans joined the
War Democrats to form the Union
Party and renominated Abe Lincoln
The Union Party chose Democrat
Andrew Johnson to ensure that the
War Democrats would vote for Lincoln,
and the campaign was once again full
of mudslinging
Democrats – McClellan
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Former Civil War general
Battle of Richmond
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Grant was a man who could send thousands of men out
to die just so that the Confederates would lose, because
he knew that he could afford to lose many men while
Lee could not
In a series of wilderness encounters, Grant fought Lee,
with Grant losing about 50,000 men.
At Cold Harbor, Union soldiers with papers pinned on
their backs showing their names and addresses rushed
the fort, and over 7000 died in a few minutes
Finally, Grant and his men captured Richmond, burning
it, and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse at
Virginia in April of 1865, where Lee formally
surrendered; the war was over.
Richmond in Ruins
Appomattox Courthouse Virginia
Civil War Casualties
Andersonville Prison
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In November of 1863, Confederate
Captain W. Sidney Winder was sent to
the village of Andersonville in Sumter
County, Georgia, to assess the potential
of building a prison for captured Union
soldiers. The deep south location, the
availability of fresh water, and its
proximity to the Southwestern Railroad,
made Andersonville a favorable prison
location. In addition, Andersonville had a
population of less than 20 persons, and
was, therefore, politically unable to
resist the building of such an unpopular
facility. So Andersonville was chosen as
the site for a prison that would later
become infamous in the North for the
thousands of prisoners that would die
there before the war ended.
Andersonville Prison in 1864 as painted from
memory by an ex-prisoner Thomas O’Dea
Distributing “Rations”
The Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Southern heroes of the Civil
War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas
J. “Stonewall” Jackson. The figures measure 90 by 190 feet, surrounded by a
carved surface that covers three acres, it is larger than a football field – the largest
relief sculpture in the world. The carving is recessed 42 feet into the mountain.
Work on the carving began in 1915 and was finally complete in 1972.
Death of Lincoln
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On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was
shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth
and died shortly.
Before his death, few people had
suspected his greatness, but his sudden
and dramatic death erased his
shortcomings and made people remember
him for his good things
Ford’s Theatre Then and Now
Ford’s Theatre
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On April 14th, 1865,
President Abraham Lincoln
and his wife were
attending a show at Ford's
Theatre in Washington
D.C. when John Wilkes
Boothe shot him in the
head. Lincoln was carried
across the street to a
bording house, where he
died early the next
morning.
Boothe’s Weapon
Last Moments
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Max Rosenthal, The Last
Moments of Abraham
Lincoln, President of the
United States, colored
lithograph, 1865. “Now he
belongs to the ages” (or
perhaps “angels”) were
the words spoken by
Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton at the moment of
Lincoln’s death.
Mary Surratt
1st Women Hanged in U.S.
Hanging Hooded Bodies of the Four Conspirators with the Crowd Departing Washington, D.C., July 7, 1865 (Mary Surratt, Lewis Payne, David Herold, and George
Atzerodt ) Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B8171-7796 DLC