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Georgia Performance Standard
• SSWH3 The student will examine the
political, philosophical, and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
• a. Compare the origins and structure of
the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and
the Roman Empire.
Essential Question (EQ)
• What were the origins
and structure of the
Greek polis, Roman
Republic and Roman
Empire?
Greek Polis
• A polis is a city-state,
such as Athens or Sparta.
• A polis was governed by
citizens (free males).
• Each polis was governed
differently, either as a:
• Tyranny: Cruel and
oppressive government.
• Oligarchy: Rule by small
group.
• Aristocracy: Rule by the
highest class.
• Direct Democracy: Rule by
citizens (men).
Athens and the Acropolis
• Athens is the most
famous polis and
center of Greek
culture.
• The Acropolis, the
ancient meeting
place, is located on
a high hill in Athens,
was also used as a
look-out for
invaders.
Sparta
• Sparta was a warrior
society that reached
the height of its power
after defeating Athens
in the Peloponnesian
War.
• Women in Sparta
enjoyed more freedom
than in Athens.
• Soldiers of Ancient
Greece were known as
Hoplites.
Roman Republic
• Rome grew from a monarchy
to a republic – where
individuals are elected to
represent citizens.
• After the monarchy Rome was
ruled by the patricians – great,
noble families who controlled
the government – and the
remainder of the population
were plebeians (citizens).
• The plebeians went on strike
and gained representation
through elected
representatives – which did
away with the patricians.
Roman Empire
• Rome went on to
conquer all of the
Italian peninsula and
parts of the
Mediterranean and
became the Roman
Empire.
• It became the most
extensive political
and social structure
in ancient western
civilization.
Greek Philosophy
Georgia Performance Standard
• SSWH3 The student will examine the
political, philosophical, and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
• B. Identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by
Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the
impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
Essential Question (EQ)
• What were the ideas and impact of
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle?
• What impact did Julius and
Augustus Caesar have on Rome?
Philosophy
• Philosophy: The study of the
fundamental nature of knowledge,
reality, and existence, especially when
considered as an academic discipline.
Socrates
• Greek Philosopher.
• His "Socratic method,"
laid the groundwork for
Western systems of
logic and philosophy.
• Socrates was sentenced
to death by hemlock
poisoning in 399 BC.
• His Socratic Method is
used in almost every law
school today.
Plato
• Student of Socrates
• Founder of the
Academy in Athens
• Plato traveled all
around the
Mediterranean
studying math,
science and religion.
• He wrote of an ideal
government run by
philosophers .
Aristotle
• When he turned 17
he went to Plato’s
Academy.
• Aristotle went on to
found his own
school, the Lyceum.
• Tutor of Alexander
the Great during his
childhood.
Julius and Augustus Caesar
Julius Caesar
• General Caesar expanded
the Roman Empire across
Europe.
• Declared himself dictator
of Rome after marching his
army over the Rubicon.
• Had an affair with
Cleopatra.
• Was murdered by his
political rivals on the Ides
of March.
• Subject of Julius Caesar,
by William Shakespeare.
Augustus Caesar
• Great-nephew and
adopted son of Julius
Caesar.
• First emperor of Rome,
helped turn it from a
republic into an empire.
• He laid the foundation
for a 200 year Pax
Romana (Roman Peace).
• Was declared to be a
god upon his death in 14
A.D.
Alexander the Great
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH3: The student will examine the
political, philosophical, and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
• B. Describe the diffusion of Greek culture
by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great.
• Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic
and Roman culture; include law, gender
and science.
Essential Questions (EQ)
• How did Alexander the Great
spread Greek culture?
• What were the contributions
of Hellenistic and Roman
culture?
Alexander the Great
• Pupil of Aristotle
• King of Macedonia
• Great warrior and
general, conquered the
Persians and the
Egyptians.
• His kingdom ranged
from the Mediterranean
to India. He destroyed
the Persian Empire.
• Died of malaria at 32
years old.
How Alexander Spread Greek
Culture (Hellenistic Era)
• Hellenistic Era –
between Alexander’s
death and birth of
Roman Empire.
• Alexander’s conquered
empire adopted the
Greek language and its
religion.
• Alexandria, Egypt is
named after Alexandria
– it includes a massive
library and museum.
• It becomes a center for
scholars and scientists.
Contributions of Roman Culture
• Spread of Christianity
• Using the republic as
a form of government.
• Roman architecture
• The language of
Rome, Latin,
influenced Italian,
French, German and
English.
Greek and Roman Mythology
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH3: The student will examine the
political, philosophical and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400 BC.
• D. Describe polytheism in the Greek
and Roman world and the origins and
diffusion of Christianity in the Roman
World.
Essential Question (EQ)
• How did polytheism impact
Greek and Roman culture?
• How did Christianity
originate and spread in the
Roman world?
Greek Mythology
• Polytheistic religion.
• Greeks believed gods
controlled nature and
their lives.
• The stories of gods
were widely told.
• The Olympics were
originally a festival to
honor the king of the
gods, Zeus.
Roman Mythology
• Polytheistic religion.
• Laws were made to
honor certain gods.
• The calendar months
were named after
gods. Ex: Juno =
June, Mars = March.
• Romans and Greeks
had gods for similar
things, such as
Neptune (Roman) and
Poseidon (Greek) as
god of the sea.
Christianity
• The religion of
Christianity stems off of
Judaism – Christians
believe that a man
named Jesus is the
Messiah, or son of “the
Lord.”
• Jesus taught much of his
ministry in a place called
Judea in the Middle East.
• The New Testament in
the Christian Bible is the
story of Christianity.
Spread of Christianity in Roman
World
• Christianity was
known as the religion
of slaves and poor, as
these groups spread
the religion through
Roman cities.
• Christians were
blamed for everything
that went wrong in
Rome and also
publically executed.
Some were killed in
the Colosseum.
Constantine
• Roman emperor
Constantine legalized
Christianity after seeing a
flaming cross in a dream
before a huge battle. He
won the battle.
• In 380 A.D., Christianity
became the official
religion of Rome.
Constantine became the
first Roman emperor to
convert to Christianity.
Georgia Performance Standard
SSWH3 The student will examine the
political, philosophical, and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
• E. Analyze the factors that led to the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
Essential Questions (EQ)
•Why did the
Roman Empire
collapse?
The Roman Empire Splits
• In A.D. 284, Roman
Emperor Diocletian
decided the Roman
Empire was too big
and so he divided it in
half.
• It became the Western
Roman Empire and
the Eastern Roman
Empire, with a second
emperor for the
Eastern half.
Collapse of Western Roman
Empire
• Because of so many
years of peace, the
Roman army struggled to
recruit troops.
• The Romans allowed
barbarians to join the
army.
• Once inside, they looted
and pillaged.
• This led to decreased
trade, no tax revenue and
destruction of
infrastructure.
• Rome eventually fell to
barbarians.