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Georgia Performance Standard • SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. Essential Question (EQ) • What were the origins and structure of the Greek polis, Roman Republic and Roman Empire? Greek Polis • A polis is a city-state, such as Athens or Sparta. • A polis was governed by citizens (free males). • Each polis was governed differently, either as a: • Tyranny: Cruel and oppressive government. • Oligarchy: Rule by small group. • Aristocracy: Rule by the highest class. • Direct Democracy: Rule by citizens (men). Athens and the Acropolis • Athens is the most famous polis and center of Greek culture. • The Acropolis, the ancient meeting place, is located on a high hill in Athens, was also used as a look-out for invaders. Sparta • Sparta was a warrior society that reached the height of its power after defeating Athens in the Peloponnesian War. • Women in Sparta enjoyed more freedom than in Athens. • Soldiers of Ancient Greece were known as Hoplites. Roman Republic • Rome grew from a monarchy to a republic – where individuals are elected to represent citizens. • After the monarchy Rome was ruled by the patricians – great, noble families who controlled the government – and the remainder of the population were plebeians (citizens). • The plebeians went on strike and gained representation through elected representatives – which did away with the patricians. Roman Empire • Rome went on to conquer all of the Italian peninsula and parts of the Mediterranean and became the Roman Empire. • It became the most extensive political and social structure in ancient western civilization. Greek Philosophy Georgia Performance Standard • SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • B. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. Essential Question (EQ) • What were the ideas and impact of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle? • What impact did Julius and Augustus Caesar have on Rome? Philosophy • Philosophy: The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Socrates • Greek Philosopher. • His "Socratic method," laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy. • Socrates was sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning in 399 BC. • His Socratic Method is used in almost every law school today. Plato • Student of Socrates • Founder of the Academy in Athens • Plato traveled all around the Mediterranean studying math, science and religion. • He wrote of an ideal government run by philosophers . Aristotle • When he turned 17 he went to Plato’s Academy. • Aristotle went on to found his own school, the Lyceum. • Tutor of Alexander the Great during his childhood. Julius and Augustus Caesar Julius Caesar • General Caesar expanded the Roman Empire across Europe. • Declared himself dictator of Rome after marching his army over the Rubicon. • Had an affair with Cleopatra. • Was murdered by his political rivals on the Ides of March. • Subject of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare. Augustus Caesar • Great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. • First emperor of Rome, helped turn it from a republic into an empire. • He laid the foundation for a 200 year Pax Romana (Roman Peace). • Was declared to be a god upon his death in 14 A.D. Alexander the Great Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • B. Describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great. • Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender and science. Essential Questions (EQ) • How did Alexander the Great spread Greek culture? • What were the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture? Alexander the Great • Pupil of Aristotle • King of Macedonia • Great warrior and general, conquered the Persians and the Egyptians. • His kingdom ranged from the Mediterranean to India. He destroyed the Persian Empire. • Died of malaria at 32 years old. How Alexander Spread Greek Culture (Hellenistic Era) • Hellenistic Era – between Alexander’s death and birth of Roman Empire. • Alexander’s conquered empire adopted the Greek language and its religion. • Alexandria, Egypt is named after Alexandria – it includes a massive library and museum. • It becomes a center for scholars and scientists. Contributions of Roman Culture • Spread of Christianity • Using the republic as a form of government. • Roman architecture • The language of Rome, Latin, influenced Italian, French, German and English. Greek and Roman Mythology Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 BC. • D. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman World. Essential Question (EQ) • How did polytheism impact Greek and Roman culture? • How did Christianity originate and spread in the Roman world? Greek Mythology • Polytheistic religion. • Greeks believed gods controlled nature and their lives. • The stories of gods were widely told. • The Olympics were originally a festival to honor the king of the gods, Zeus. Roman Mythology • Polytheistic religion. • Laws were made to honor certain gods. • The calendar months were named after gods. Ex: Juno = June, Mars = March. • Romans and Greeks had gods for similar things, such as Neptune (Roman) and Poseidon (Greek) as god of the sea. Christianity • The religion of Christianity stems off of Judaism – Christians believe that a man named Jesus is the Messiah, or son of “the Lord.” • Jesus taught much of his ministry in a place called Judea in the Middle East. • The New Testament in the Christian Bible is the story of Christianity. Spread of Christianity in Roman World • Christianity was known as the religion of slaves and poor, as these groups spread the religion through Roman cities. • Christians were blamed for everything that went wrong in Rome and also publically executed. Some were killed in the Colosseum. Constantine • Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity after seeing a flaming cross in a dream before a huge battle. He won the battle. • In 380 A.D., Christianity became the official religion of Rome. Constantine became the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Georgia Performance Standard SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • E. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Essential Questions (EQ) •Why did the Roman Empire collapse? The Roman Empire Splits • In A.D. 284, Roman Emperor Diocletian decided the Roman Empire was too big and so he divided it in half. • It became the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, with a second emperor for the Eastern half. Collapse of Western Roman Empire • Because of so many years of peace, the Roman army struggled to recruit troops. • The Romans allowed barbarians to join the army. • Once inside, they looted and pillaged. • This led to decreased trade, no tax revenue and destruction of infrastructure. • Rome eventually fell to barbarians.