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ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES
You cannot have an ablative
absolute without a participle
in the ablative case.
Usually you will also have a
noun in the ablative case.
The two most common participles
that are used in ablative
absolutes are perfect passive
participles and present active
participles. In order to form or
translate an ablative absolute, you
have to know about these.
remember, perfect passive
participles are the fourth
principal parts of verbs.
they are translated as "having
been ___________ed" and
decline like -us, -a, um adjectives.
so, let's look at a perfect passive participle.
Here is the really neat thing about ablative
absolutes.
There are only a few possible endings you can have
for these participles that are ablative:
-o is either masculine or neuter singular
-a is feminine singular ablative
-is is the ablative plural for all genders
Take the verb laudo.
It's 4th principal part is laudatus.
If we make it ablative, you only have three options:
laudato
laudata
laudatis
that's IT.
Now, we translate laudatus as "having been praised", or
just "praised". There are no other options for this.
And that is true of all the forms. When you put it with
a noun in an ablative absolute, it goes like this:
amico laudato = with the friend having been praised
puella laudata = with the girl having been praised
nautis laudatis = with the sailors having been praised
There is NO other way to do this.
Now, let's look at how to turn a phrase into an ablative absolute
when you are using this kind of participle:
here is an example from the exercises in Unit 7:
(miles, eligo, plural, perfect passive participle), exercitus erat
plenus virorum.
now, it tells you it needs to be plural, so all you need is the fourth
principal part of eligo (electus) and the ablative plural ending (is)
and the ablative plural of miles (militibus) and then you have
electis militibus
that is it. electis militibus.
Now, let's look at another one:
(Roma deleo singular perfect passive), omnes cives novas
villas invenerunt.
Take your verb, find it's fourth principal part:
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus
Consider the gender of Roma (feminine), make it ablative
singular (Roma)
Change the ending to match on the participle:
Roma deleta is your answer.
Ok, now let's look at the OTHER kind of
participle. These are present active participles and
you have to know what conjugation a verb belongs
to in order to form them.
However, it's awesome, because your only possible
endings are either -e or -ibus. Less to worry about.
On the next slide we will review how to tell what
conjugation a verb belongs to:
To tell a verb's conjugation, you have to look at its
second principal part. The vowel there will tell you
what conjugation a verb belongs to!
First Conjugation: laudo, laudare
Second Conjugation: moneo, monEre
Third conjugation: duco, ducere
Third -io Conjugation: capio, capere
Fourth Conjugation: audio, audire.
Now we will learn how to form present active
participles:
Now, the conjugation of a verb will dictate what vowel
you use to form the present active participle:
First Conjugation: laudo, laudare
Second Conjugation: moneo, monEre
Third conjugation: duco, ducere
Third -io Conjugation: capio, capere
Fourth Conjugation: audio, audire.
You take the first principal part, drop the -o, add your
vowel, then add -ns. Let's do that:
laudo becomes laud-, then we add an -a-, then -ns,
which gives us laudans.
laudans is a first conjugation present active participle.
For second conjugation, you use an -e-, then the -ns.
For third, you also use an -e- then the -ns.
For third io's and fourth you use -ie- and then the -ns.
So what you get is this:
laudans
monens
ducens
capiens
audiens
Now, these work like third declension adjectives
and ALL of them have a genitive in -ntis.
laudans, laudantis; monens, monentis; ducens,
ducentis; capiens, capientis; audiens, audientis.
Let's look at how to DECLINE one of these:
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
laudans
laudans
laudantis
laudantis
laudanti
laudanti
laudantem
laudans
laudante
laudanti
laudantes
laudantium
laudantibus
laudantes
laudantibus
laudantia
laudantium
laudantibs
laudantia
laudantibus
Now, present active participles ALWAYS translate
with -ing. running, following, praising, loving, doing,
etc.
So when you find one, remember that. When you have
to create an ablative absolute with these, the
procedure is the same: put your noun in the ablative,
then form the participle and put it in the ablative in
the gender that agrees with the noun.
Let's look at some examples in the next slide.
(amicus, currens, singular present active), omnes clamabant.
First, amicus. In the ablative singular, it's amico.
Now it's also masculine (you will want to remember that when you
form your participle).
Now, curro is third conjugation. so you use an e.
Take curro, drop the -o
Now you have currAdd your -e because it's third.
Now you have curreAdd your -ns because it's a present active.
Now you have currens.
Remember, it's currens, currentis. Now look at your chart...what is
the masculine singular ending?
Your answer is amico currente!
Now, your turn to do some work:
homo laudo, present active plural
homo laudo, perfect passive singular
rex interficio, perfect passive singular
arbor ascendo, perfect passive plural
puer clamo, present active singular