* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Eradication of diseases
Bioterrorism wikipedia , lookup
West Nile fever wikipedia , lookup
Brucellosis wikipedia , lookup
History of biological warfare wikipedia , lookup
Meningococcal disease wikipedia , lookup
Rocky Mountain spotted fever wikipedia , lookup
Chagas disease wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Plasmodium falciparum wikipedia , lookup
Onchocerciasis wikipedia , lookup
Tuberculosis wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Sexually transmitted infection wikipedia , lookup
History of tuberculosis wikipedia , lookup
Leishmaniasis wikipedia , lookup
Visceral leishmaniasis wikipedia , lookup
Coccidioidomycosis wikipedia , lookup
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Neglected tropical diseases wikipedia , lookup
Leptospirosis wikipedia , lookup
African trypanosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Eradication of Diseases Valeria Wrigglesworth Chesterfield College Topic Eradication of Diseases Aims To teach the topic of eradication of diseases Level Level 3 Method Slide 2 to 6 for teacher only. Slide 16 – 18 Tasks, Slide 21 – Task, Slide 22 – Task, Slide 25 -27 blank worksheets for students Equipment Hand-outs Pens/pencils Plain paper either A3 or A4 Duration >30 Minutes Lesson Plan (for Teacher’s eyes only) • Aim – Evaluate the effects of mass immunisation programmes using examples of smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera and malaria • Learning Outcomes: – Students will be able to: • Describe some basic facts associated with smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera and malaria • Analyse the reasons for the differences in the success of eradicating these diseases through vaccination. Lesson Plan (for Teacher’s eyes only) • Individual Learner Needs and Use of Differentiated Activities – Small group task 1: • The students can opt out of looking at the images associated with the diseases if they feel uneasy about this part of the task. This activity will particularly benefit the students with visual and kinaesthetic learning styles Lesson Plan Time LO: 1 0-7 min (for Teacher’s eyes only) Method / Activity Resources Learning Checks Introduction of the LOs PPT slide Small group work 1 The students match the name of each disease (measles; smallpox; TB; cholera; malaria) to a card containing general information about a diseases and an image associated with each disease. Per group: A table containing the names of the diseases; a set of laminated information cards; a set of image cards Students’ progress is monitored; Answer check; Q&A PPT ‘Eradication of diseases’ Q&A E&D: The students can opt out of looking at the images associated with the diseases if they feel uneasy about this part of the task. LO: 2 7-10 min The students asked to suggest which of the five diseases: Has already been eradicated. Has the highest number of infected people worldwide (per year). Has the highest mortality rate worldwide (per year). Maths: Students need to be able to rank the diseases in terms of the numbers of people affected Answer check using PPT slide Lesson Plan (for Teacher’s eyes only) Time Method / Activity LO: 2 The students are given the reasons of the successful eradication of smallpox on the PPT slide. 10-25 min Resources Learning Checks Small group work 2 Students analyse an information sheet about Information handouts; one of the four diseases (measles; TB; PPT slide ‘reasons for cholera; malaria). Students are asked to list 2 eradication of smallpox’ or more reasons why this disease has not been eradicated yet. Students exchange information in a Q&A session. Literacy: the students need to be able to analyse information and summarise the relevant facts; be able to understand and use LOs PPT slide appropriate terminology. LOs check – Q&A Handout with the summary of information on the five diseases is distributed for the students to use at home. Handout with the summary table. Students’ progress is monitored; Q&A Q&A Cholera Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is a highly infectious disease. It affects both children and adults and can potentially kill within hours. About 75% of people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 7–14 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate environmental management. Typical at-risk areas include urban slums, where basic infrastructure is not available, as well as camps for displaced people or refugees, where minimum requirements of clean water and sanitation are not met. The bacterium causing cholera which can live in the intestines where antibodies - produced by vaccines that are injected - cannot get to it. A type of oral cholera vaccine has recently been developed that can provide short-term protection for up to 6 months following immunization. Malaria Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes that respect no borders. The parasite carried by mosquitoes is continually evolving resistance to the latest pharmaceuticals. For example, antimalarial medicines such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, which were successfully used in 1970s and 1980s, stopped being effective in killing Plasmodium. Human immunity is another important factor. Partial immunity developed over years of exposure does reduce the risk of contracting malaria however it never provides complete protection. Malaria is preventable and curable. In theory, all you need to stop mosquitoes from transmitting the malaria parasite are insecticide-treated bed-nets, and all you need to reduce the reservoir of infectious human carriers is a course of pills costing less than £5. There are currently no licensed vaccines against malaria or any other human parasite. Measles Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. The virus is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The disease is characterised by a high fever, a rash and generally feeling unwell. Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available. Measles is the single most infectious disease known. To eliminate it, you need >95% of the population vaccinated. A poor response to the vaccine has been shown by some children, who need boosters. In 2011, about 84% of the world's children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday through routine health services. No specific antiviral treatment exists for measles virus. In 1998, a study published in the respected journal The Lancet raised the possibility that the MMR jab that provides immunity form measles may be linked to autism and bowel disease. This prompted many parents in the UK to decide against having their children vaccinated with the MMR jab. This resulted in the recent outbreak in Wales, with 800 cases and one death recorded. Smallpox Smallpox was caused by a virola virus and was transmitted between people through the air. It was usually spread by face-to face contact with an infected person and to a lesser extent through contaminated clothes and bedding. Once a person contracted the disease, he or she remained apparently healthy and non-infectious for up to 17 days. But the onset of flulike symptoms heralded the infectious stage, leading after two or three days to a reduction in fever but to the appearance of the characteristic rash 0 first on the face, then on the hand, forearms and trunk. Ulcerating lesion formed in the nose, releasing large of amounts of the virus into the throat. Nearly one third of those who contacted the major died from it, and most of those who survived – up to 80 percent, were left with deeply potted marks, especially on the face. Many were left blind. In 1700s Europe, once third of all cases of blindness where attributed to smallpox Tuberculosis (TB) This disease was once thought to have been eradicated, but is actually showing a resurgence. Tuberculosis (TB) is second only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active TB. In healthy people, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis often causes no symptoms, since the person's immune system acts to “wall off” the bacteria. Poor housing and homelessness lowers peoples' natural resistance. Symptoms of active TB of the lung are coughing, sometimes with sputum or blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. It can be carried in cattle. Diagnosing TB can be difficult, particularly in children. A new two-hour test that has proven to be effective in diagnosing TB and the presence of drug resistance is now being rolled-out in many countries. Tuberculosis is treatable with a six-month course of antibiotics. However, some TB bacteria are resistant to drugs used to treat them because they can mutate. Disease Table Information card Measles Most likely among poorly nourished young children. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. The most serious complications include blindness, encephalitis (an infection that causes the brain swelling), severe diarrhoea and dehydration. Information card Cholera Picture card Acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of the bacterium. Bacterium produces a toxin that causes watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients . Picture card Disease Table continued Information card Malaria Caused by a type of microscopic parasite called Plasmodium. The first symptoms – fever, headache, chills and vomiting – may be mild and difficult to diagnose. However, if not treated within 24 hours, can progress to severe illness often leading to death. Symptoms can include severe anaemia, respiratory distress. Multi-organ problems/failures can occur in severe cases. Information card Tuberculosis Picture card About one-third of the world’s population has latent form of the disease, which means people have been infected by the bacteria but are not ill with disease and cannot transmit it. Common symptoms of active form of the disease are: cough with blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Mild/less infections forms of the disease are often difficult to diagnose. Picture card Disease Table continued Information card Smallpox Caused by a virus. Early symptoms include high fever and fatigue. The virus produces a characteristic rash, particularly on the face, arms and legs. The resulting spots become filled with clear fluid and later, pus, and then form a crust, which eventually dries up and falls off. Fatal in up to 30% of cases. Picture card By the end of this session the students should be able to: • Describe some basic facts associated with some common infectious diseases: – – – – – Smallpox Measles Tuberculosis Cholera Malaria • Analyse the reasons for the differences in the success of eradicating these diseases through immunisation. Task 1 Name of the disease Work in small groups (2-3) Information card containing facts about the disease Image associated the disease (optional) Task 1 continued Name of the disease Information card containing facts about the disease Image associated the disease (optional) Task 1 continued Name of the disease Information card containing facts about the disease Image associated the disease (optional) Numbers of People Affected Disease Cases worldwide in 2011 Deaths worldwide in 2011 Smallpox None Last case reported in 1978 None Cholera 200 000 5000 Measles 20 million 160 000 Malaria 300-500 million 700 000 Tuberculosis 9 million 1.6 million Source: World Health Organization (WHO) Reasons for successful eradication of smallpox • The disease was passed directly between people (no animal / insect carriers) • Easy to diagnose due to distinctive rash • Long time between contracting it and becoming infectious • Survivors gained lifetime immunity • To eliminate smallpox >66% of the population needed to be vaccinated. Task 2 Suggest which of these diseases: • Has already been eradicated via immunisation? • Has the highest number of infected people worldwide (per year)? • Has the highest mortality rate worldwide (per year)? Task 3 – work in small groups (2-3) • Read about a particular disease. • Suggest some key reasons why this disease has not been eradicated yet. By the end of this session you should be able to • Describe some basic facts associated with smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera and malaria. • Analyse the reasons for the differences in the success of eradicating these diseases through vaccination. Extensions • List the methods by which the diseases they just learned about spread; • Suggest other methods by which diseases could be spread; • Suggest which method of spreading would make the disease more difficult to eradicate; quicker to infect large numbers of people. • Choose a current UK immunisation programme and evaluate its effects on individuals and the wider community. Student Work Sheets Notes Student Work Sheets Notes Student Work Sheets Notes For further information please contact The STEM Alliance [email protected] or visit www.STEMalliance.uk