Download What are water-borne diseases?

‫‪Water-borne diseases‬‬
‫المرحلة الرابعة‬
‫اعداد‬
‫د‪ .‬وفاء محمود جاسم‬
Main Subjects
1- What are water-borne diseases?
2- What are the main ways for transmission ?
3-What are the general measures for prevention ?
4- What is cholera ,signs and symptoms, cause
and risk factors ?
5-The main response of WHO ?
6- What is brucellosis ?
Water-borne diseases
Water-borne diseases are any illness caused
by drinking water contaminated by human
or animal faeces, which contain pathogenic
microorganisms Like salmonellosis,
cholera, shigellosis)
Transmission
• Water borne diseases spread by
contamination of drinking water systems
with the urine and faeces of infected
animal or people.
• This is likely to occur where public and
private drinking water systems get their
water from surface waters (rain, rivers,
lakes etc.), which can be contaminated by
infected animals or people.
Prevention
1- Clean water is Important for reducing the
spread of water-borne diseases.
2- safe disposal of faeces.
3- Disinfection is used to prevent the growth of
pathogenic organisms and to protect public
health.
4- The two most common methods to kill
microorganisms in the water supply are:
oxidation with chemicals such as
chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone, and
irradiation with Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation.
Cholera
It is an acute infection of the intestine, which
begins suddenly with painless watery diarrhea,
nausea and vomiting.
Most people who become infected have very mild
diarrhea or symptom-free infection. Severe
cholera cases present with profuse diarrhea
and vomiting.
Severe, untreated cholera can lead to rapid
dehydration and death. If untreated, 50% of
people with severe cholera will die, but prompt
and adequate treatment reduces this to less
than 1% of cases.
Cholera
• Cholera outbreaks can occur
sporadically in any part of the world
where water supplies, sanitation, food
safety and hygiene practices are
inadequate. Overcrowded communities
with poor sanitation and unsafe
drinking-water supplies are most
frequently affected.
The World Health Organization says that
every year more than 3.4 million people
die as a result of water related diseases,
making it the leading cause of disease
and death around the world.
Most of the victims are young children, the
vast majority of whom die of illnesses
caused by organisms that thrive in water
sources contaminated by raw sewage
Symptoms
Cholera is an extremely virulent disease. It affects
both children and adults and can kill within hours.
About 80% of people infected with V. cholerae do
not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria
are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after
infection and are shed back into the
environment, potentially infecting other people.
Among people who develop symptoms, 80% have
mild or moderate symptoms, while around 20%
develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe
dehydration. This can lead to death if left
untreated.
The cause
Cholera is caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae.
People become infected after eating food or
drinking water that has been contaminated by
the faeces of infected persons. Raw or
undercooked seafood may be a source of
infection in areas where cholera is prevalent
and sanitation is poor.
Risk factors and disease burden
Cholera transmission is closely linked to
inadequate environmental management.
Typical at-risk areas include
1-peri-urban slums, where basic infrastructure
is not available
2- camps for internally displaced persons or
refugees .
3- Dead bodies have never been reported as
the source of epidemics.
• Cholera remains a global threat to public
health and a key indicator of lack of social
development.
Prevention and control
The long-term solution for cholera control
lies in:
1- Preventive measures
2-Control of patient , contact and environment
3- Epidemic measures
WHO response
1-support the design and implementation of global
strategies to contribute to capacity development
for cholera prevention and control globally;
2-provide a forum for technical exchange,
coordination, and cooperation on cholera-related
activities to strengthen countries’ capacity to
prevent and control cholera;
3- support countries for the implementation of
effective cholera control strategies and monitoring
of progress;
4-disseminate technical guidelines and operational
manuals;
5-support the development of a research
agenda with emphasis on evaluating
innovative approaches to cholera
prevention and control in affected
countries;
6-increase the visibility of cholera as an
important global public health problem
through the dissemination of information
about cholera prevention and control
7- conducting advocacy and resource
mobilization activities to support cholera
prevention and control at national,
regional, and global levels.
Brucellosis
Brucellosis, Crimean fever, Malta
fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean
fever, rock fever, or undulant fever
It is a highly contagious zoönosis caused by
ingestion ofunpasteurized milk or
undercooked meat from infected animals
or close contact with their secretions.
Brocella species are small, Gram-negative,
nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped
(coccobacilli) bacteria., which usually persists for
life. Four species infect humans:
B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis.
1- B. melitensis is the most virulent and invasive
species; it usually infects goats
2- B. abortus is less virulent and is primarily a
disease of cattle.
3-B. suis is of intermediate virulence and chiefly
infects pigs.
4-B. canis affects dogs.
Signs and symptoms
In the first stage of the
disease, septicaemia occurs and leads to
the classic triad of undulant fevers,
1-sweating (often with characteristic smell,
likened to wet hay)
2-migratory arthralgia and myalgia (joint and
muscle pain).
Blood tests characteristically
reveal leukopenia and anemia, and
demonstrate positive Bengal Rose and.
Diagnosis
1- Demonstration of the agent: blood
cultures in tryptose broth, bone marrow
cultures..
2- Demonstration of antibodies against the
agent with the classic Bengal Rose
reactions,
3- Histologic evidence of granulomatous
hepatitis on hepatic biopsy
4- Radiologic alterations in infected
vertebrae:.
Risk Factors for Brucellosis
• Eat or drink unpasteurized dairy products
from cows, goats, or other animals that are
infected with the bacteria
• Eat other unpasteurized cheeses called
"village cheeses." These come from highrisk regions, including the Mediterranean
• Travel to areas where Brucella is common
• Work in a meat-processing plant or
slaughterhouse
• Work on a farm
•
•
•
•
Prevention
Do not drink or eat unpasteurized dairy
products.
Wear rubber gloves if you work in the
animal processing industry.
If you have come in contact with an animal
infected with Brucella, notify health
care provider -- even if there is no
symptoms.
The need for monitoring for at least six
months.