Download File - Mr. Nelson`s AP human geography

Topic: World Health Threats
• Aim: How do countries undergo an epidemiologic
transition?
• Do Now: Describe what you feel are some of the
greatest health threats to the United States and
the World today.
Epidemiology:
• Branch of medicine concerned
with the incidence, distribution,
and control of diseases that affect
large numbers of people
• Rely heavily on geographic
concepts such as scale and
connection
• Epidemiologic Transition
Model: Focuses on the specific
causes of death in each stage of
the demographic transition
World Health Map:
• http://www.healthmap.org/en/
Stage 1- ‘pestilence and famine’:
• Infectious & parasitic disease key causes of human death
(e.g. - the Black Plague of 1348/1349)
• About 25 million Europeans died, ½ of the continent’s
population
• Huge impact on economic, social, and political makeup of
nations
Stage 2- Receding Pandemics:
• Pandemic: disease that
occurs over a wide
geographic area and
affects a high proportion
of a given population
• HIV/AIDS in Africa
(modern day), Cholera in
the Nineteenth Century
• Cholera was a recurring scourge for
decades. A second cholera outbreak
in New York in 1849 killed 5,071
out of a population of 500,000.
Then John Snow, a British
physician, plotted the locations of
cholera cases during an outbreak in
England in 1854, showing that it
was associated with contaminated
water. With the advances in
knowledge and sanitation, a third
cholera outbreak in New York in
1866 was much less deadly. Only
591 people died, out of a
population of 850,000.Photo: New
York Historical Society
Cholera in the
Nineteenth Century:
•Distribution of cholera
victims and water pumps
to prove that the cause
of the infection was
contamination of the
pump near the corner of
Broad and Lexington
streets
The highest rates of HIV infection are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China
have relatively high numbers of HIV-positive adults, but they constitute a lower
percentage of the total population.
Stages 3 & 4: Degenerative & Human-Created
Diseases:
• Decrease in deaths from
infectious disease (Polio,
AIDS, Cholera, Yellow
Fever, etc), and increase in
deaths from chronic
disorders, primarily heart
diseases and various cancers
• Stage 4 (Olshansky, Ault) is
simply delayed degenerative
diseases to do medical
advances
Stage 5- Reemergence of Stage 1:
•
Reemergence of infectious and parasitic
diseases. 3 possible factors:
1. Evolution: diseases genetically evolve to be
resistant to medicine (i.e.- Malaria)
2. Poverty: Diseases that are expensive to cure
affect LCD’s the most (i.e.- Tuberculosis)
3. Improved Travel/Globalization: Increased
travel within countries and between them
causes increase in spread of infectious disease
Death from tuberculosis is a good indicator of a country's ability to
invest in health care, because treating the disease is expensive.
The first cases of avian flu were recorded in Southeast Asia.
Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Health Care
– Health conditions vary around the world,
primarily, because countries possess different
resources to care for people who are sick.
• Expenditures on Health Care
–More than 15 percent of total government
expenditures in Europe and North
America.
–Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa
and South Asia.
Health Care Systems:
• Developed Countries
–Public service available at little or no cost.
–Government pays more than 70 percent of healthcare costs in most European countries, and private
individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense.
• Developing Countries
–Private individuals must pay more than half of the
cost of health care.
»U.S. is an exception to these generalizations,
because private individuals are required to pay
about 55 percent of health care costs making it
more closely resemble a developing country, in
regards to health care.
HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES The
lowest levels of per capita health care expenditure
are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
• This document, written by
the Edinburgh Board of
Health in Scotland and
distributed in New York
during the cholera epidemic
of 1832, reflects
misunderstandings of the
disease at the time.
"Remedies" like laudanum -morphine -- were ineffective
at best; at worst, they added
to the suffering of the
victims. Most doctors did
not believe that cholera was
contagious among people,
but rather arose from
"miasmas," or noxious
vapors of decaying organic
matter. Certain activities like
drinking of alcohol were
believed to make one more
susceptible to cholera.
• One-third of the
reported cases came
from New York's Sixth
Ward -- the five-sided
blue section on the
map -- which
encompassed Five
Points. In 1832, New
York's population of a
quarter million people
was concentrated
below 14th Street;
3,515 died in the
cholera
epidemic.Photo: New
York Historical Society
60 Minutes-Bill & Melina Gates:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VdMqmVtnOM