Download UCS - Yipsir

Yip sir (葉錦熙)
www.yipsir.com.hk
1
Schedule
1. Homework assignment
2. Associative learning
–
–
classical conditioning
operant conditiong
3. Types of reinforcement and punishment
–
positive vs negative, reinforcement vs punishment
4. Reinforcement schedule
–
fixed vs variable, ratio vs interval
2
Classical & Operant Conditioning
Group Assignment I
The assignment will be uploaded onto
the Learning Support Web on
25 February (Monday) around 9:00am
3
Instruction
1. Please complete the following assignment with
your group project members.
2. Please hand in the assignment (PRINTED
COPY) in Week 7 Tutorial.
3. The total mark of the group assignment will
contribute 20% of your final grade.
4. 15% will be given to those showing application
value while 5% additional will be given to those
with creative ideas.
5. Maximum in TWO A4 pages (excluding this
Instruction page).
6. Late submission will not be marked.
4
1. The aim of the assignment is to
encourage you to apply what you
have learnt in the lecture to your daily
life.
2. Try to think of examples in your daily
life to explain the following concepts /
theories. Do not use the examples
quoted in the lecture or tutorial. You
can illustrate your examples by using
figures and text description.
5
Learning Defined
– relatively permanent change in
an behavior due to experience
e.g. social, work, emotion
6
Associative Learning
Learning that two events occur together
- either two stimuli
- or a response and its consequences
Two Kinds of Associative Learning
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
7
Two related events:
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus 1
Lightning
Stimulus 2
Thurder
We learn to
associate two
stimuli
Result after repetition
Stimulus
We see lighting
Response
We will
anticipating thunder
8
Operant Conditioning
Event 1
Event 2
Seal learns to expect a snack for its show-off behavior
Learning to associate two events
9
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
– 1849-1936
– Russian physician /
neurophysiologist
– studied digestive secretions
– invented Classical Conditioning
10
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Pavlov’s
device for
recording
salivation
11
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
UCR
(salivation)
During Conditioning
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
No
salivation
After Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation)
CS
(tone)
CR (salivation)
12
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
?
(drug)
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(drug)
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
13
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
?
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(drug)
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
14
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
?
(waiting
room)
(drug)
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
15
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
NS
(waiting
room)
?
(drug)
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
16
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
NS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
?
(nausea)
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
17
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
NS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
?
(waiting
room)
(nausea)
18
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
NS
(waiting
room)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
?
(nausea)
19
Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
NS
(waiting
room)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CR
(nausea)
20
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
?
(passionate
kiss)
?
(sexual
arousal)
(onion
breath)
(passionate
Kiss)
(sexual
arousal)
(onion
breath)
(sexual
arousal)
21
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
?
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
?
(passionate
Kiss)
(onion
breath)
(sexual
arousal)
?
(sexual
arousal)
22
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
NS
(onion
breath)
?
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
UCS
(passionate
Kiss)
?
(sexual
arousal)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
23
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
NS
(onion
breath)
CS
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
UCS
(passionate
Kiss)
CR
(sexual
arousal)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
24
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
– stimulus that automatically triggers a
response
2. Unconditioned Response (UCR)
– unlearned, automatic response to the
unconditioned stimulus
• salivation when food is in the mouth
25
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
1. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
– an originally neutral stimulus that
becomes associated with an UCS and
therefore triggers a conditioned
response
2. Conditioned Response (CR)
– learned response to a previously
neutral conditioned stimulus
26
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
Generalization
– tendency for stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus to evoke
similar responses
27
Little Albert’s Fear Conditioning
UCS
(loud noise)
UCR
(fear)
NS
(rat)
UCS
(loud noise)
CS
(rat)
UCR
(fear)
CR
(fear)
Stimulus similar
to rat (such as
rabbit)
Conditioned fear
(generalization)
28
Operant Conditioning
Behavior
(???)
(???)
Consequence
(???)
Application:
「操作過程 (operant procedure) 對兒童及青少年來說
是有效的治療策略，包括社會增強 (social
reinforcement)、活動增強 (activities as
reinforcement)、代幣增強 (token reinforcement)、團
體偶發事作、物質增強 (material reinforcement)
29
Types of Reinforcement and Punishment
Type
Definition
Effect
Positive Delivery of a pleasant stimulus
 the
reinforce- that follows a behavioral
behavior
response
ment
Negative Removal of an unpleasant
reinforce- stimulus after a behavior
response
ment
 the
behavior
Positive
Punishment
Presentation of an unpleasant
stimulus after a behavioral
response
 the
behavior
Negative
Punishment
Removal of an pleasant
stimulus after a behavioral
response
 the
behavior
30
Activity- 4 kinds of reinforcement
Determine which kind of reinforcement or
punishment is exercised to the following
behaviour?
組員每節出席小組活動皆可獲發3張貼紙
(______)。唯每次違反小組守則或破壞小組
秩序，則會收到1個口頭警告(______)，並記
錄在黑板上，當收到3個警告後，則該節最多
只能取得1張貼紙(______)。若組員再次積極
投入參與小組活動，幫助組員，就能減去黑
板上的1個警告(______)。
31
Activity- 4 kinds of reinforcement
Determine which kind of reinforcement or
punishment is exercised to the following
behaviour?
組員每節出席小組活動皆可獲發3張貼紙
(正強化)。唯每次違反小組守則或破壞小組
秩序，則會收到1個口頭警告(______)，並記
錄在黑板上，當收到3個警告後，則該節最多
只能取得1張貼紙(______)。若組員再次積極
投入參與小組活動，幫助組員，就能減去黑
板上的1個警告(______)。
32
Activity- 4 kinds of reinforcement
Determine which kind of reinforcement or
punishment is exercised to the following
behaviour?
組員每節出席小組活動皆可獲發3張貼紙
(正強化)。唯每次違反小組守則或破壞小組
秩序，則會收到1個口頭警告(正懲罰)，並記
錄在黑板上，當收到3個警告後，則該節最多
只能取得1張貼紙(______)。若組員再次積極
投入參與小組活動，幫助組員，就能減去黑
板上的1個警告(______)。
33
Activity- 4 kinds of reinforcement
Determine which kind of reinforcement or
punishment is exercised to the following
behaviour?
組員每節出席小組活動皆可獲發3張貼紙
(正強化)。唯每次違反小組守則或破壞小組
秩序，則會收到1個口頭警告(正懲罰)，並記
錄在黑板上，當收到3個警告後，則該節最多
只能取得1張貼紙(負懲罰)。若組員再次積極
投入參與小組活動，幫助組員，就能減去黑
板上的1個警告(______)。
34
Activity- 4 kinds of reinforcement
Determine which kind of reinforcement or
punishment is exercised to the following
behaviour?
組員每節出席小組活動皆可獲發3張貼紙
(正強化)。唯每次違反小組守則或破壞小組
秩序，則會收到1個口頭警告(正懲罰)，並記
錄在黑板上，當收到3個警告後，則該節最多
只能取得1張貼紙(負懲罰)。若組員再次積極
投入參與小組活動，幫助組員，就能減去黑
板上的1個警告(負強化)。
35
Operant Conditioning—
Schedules of Reinforcement
1. Fixed ratio schedule
2. Variable ratio
schedule
3. Fixed interval
schedule
4. Variable interval
schedule
36
Activity - 4 kinds of reinforcement schedules
Determine which kind of reinforcement
schedules is applied to the following behaviour?
1. 每月我太太會給外母$500
2. 每次我探望外母, 都會給她$500
3. 每次探望外母時, 我會視乎自己經濟情況而給
她零用錢多少, 有時$500, 有時800,
有時$1000, 有時$0
4. 某公司不定期會發放花紅給員工
37
Activity - 4 kinds of reinforcement schedules
Determine which kind of reinforcement
schedules is applied to the following behaviour?
1. 每月我太太會給外母$500 Fixed interval
2. 每次我探望外母, 都會給她$500
3. 每次探望外母時, 我會視乎自己經濟情況而給
她零用錢多少, 有時$500, 有時800,
有時$1000, 有時$0
4. 某公司不定期會發放花紅給員工
38
Activity - 4 kinds of reinforcement schedules
Determine which kind of reinforcement
schedules is applied to the following behaviour?
1. 每月我太太會給外母$500 Fixed interval
2. 每次我探望外母, 都會給她$500 Fixed ratio
3. 每次探望外母時, 我會視乎自己經濟情況而給
她零用錢多少, 有時$500, 有時800,
有時$1000, 有時$0
4. 某公司不定期會發放花紅給員工
39
Activity - 4 kinds of reinforcement schedules
Determine which kind of reinforcement
schedules is applied to the following behaviour?
1. 每月我太太會給外母$500 Fixed interval
2. 每次我探望外母, 都會給她$500 Fixed ratio
3. 每次探望外母時, 我會視乎自己經濟情況而給
她零用錢多少, 有時$500, 有時800,
有時$1000, 有時$0 Variable ratio
4. 某公司不定期會發放花紅給員工.
40
Activity - 4 kinds of reinforcement schedules
Determine which kind of reinforcement
schedules is applied to the following behaviour?
1. 每月我太太會給外母$500 Fixed interval
2. 每次我探望外母, 都會給她$500 Fixed ratio
3. 每次探望外母時, 我會視乎自己經濟情況而給
她零用錢多少, 有時$500, 有時800,
有時$1000, 有時$0 Variable ratio
4. 某公司不定期會發放花紅給員工 Variable in.41
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
1. Acquisition
– the initial stage of learning,
during which a response is
established and gradually
strengthened (smoking, drug,
video game, gambling, hen
phobia)
42
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
2. Extinction
– diminishing a conditioned
response
– occurs when an unconditioned
stimulus does not follow a
conditioned stimulus
43
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
3. Spontaneous recovery
– reappearance, after a rest period, of
an extinguished conditioned
response
4. Generalization
– tendency for stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus to evoke
similar responses
44
The end
45