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Transcript
Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Evolution - the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today Early Philosophy Socrates and Plato Old Testament Natural theology - a philosophy dedicated to discovering the Creator’s plan by studying nature Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish physician and botanist Taxonomy Georges Cuvier – Anatomist and Paleontology (Fig 22.x2) Paleontology - the study of fossils Fossils - relics or impressions of organisms from the past, mineralized in rock Sedimentary rock - formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes and marshes (Fig 22.3) Catastrophism - speculation that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time James Hutton Gradualism - profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes Charles Lyell (Fig 22.x3) Uniformitarianism - geological processes have not changed throughout Earth’s history Jean Baptiste Lamarck (Fig 22.x4) First proposed evolution Use and disuse Inheritance of acquired characteristics Alfred Wallace (Fig 22.x5) Charles Darwin The Voyage of HMS Beagle (Fig 22.5) Galápagos finches (Fig 22.6) On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection, November 24, 1859 Descent with Modification Organisms descend from some unknown prototype that lived in the remote past. As the descendents of that inaugural organism spilled into various habitats over millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life. (Fig 22.7) Natural Selection (Fig 22.12 & 22.13) Natural selection is differential success in reproduction Natural selection occurs through an interaction between the environment and variability inherent among the individual organisms making up a population The product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their environment Artificial Selection Evidence of Evolution Biogeography The fossil record Comparative Anatomy Homology - similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry Homologous structures (Fig 22.14) Vestigial organs Comparative Embryology Molecular Biology (Table 22.1)