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Download Features of Earth`s Crust, Mantle, and Core
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Features of Earth's Crust, Mantle, and Core Name _____________________________ Class ___________ Date _______________ The three main layers of Earth are the crust, the mantle, and the core. These layers vary greatly in size, composition, temperature, and pressure. Pressure results from a force pressing on an area. The temperature and pressure inside Earth increase with depth. Earth’s Crust Earth’s crust is the layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin. The crust is a layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor. The overall composition of oceanic crust is much like basalt, a dark rock that has fine grains. Overall the composition of continental crust is much like granite, a rock that usually is a light color and has coarse grains. Earth’s Mantle The solid material of the mantle is a layer of hot rock. Earth’s mantle is made of rock that is very hot, but solid. Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on the physical characteristics of those layers. Overall, the mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick. Geologists often group the crust and uppermost mantle into a single layer called the lithosphere. The soft layer just beneath the lithosphere is called the asthenosphere. Earth’s Core The core is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel. It consists of two parts—a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The outer core is a layer of molten metal surrounding the inner core. The inner core is a dense ball of solid metal. Scientists think that movements in the liquid outer core create Earth’s magnetic field. Identify Supporting Evidence How can iron filings provide evidence that the bar magnet has a magnetic field? Materials Ziploc® bags 3 x 5-inch index card Teaspoon of iron filings Paper clip Bar magnet Procedure 1. Take a Ziploc® bag and place a 3 x 5-inch index card underneath. Add about 1/2 teaspoon of iron filings. Be careful to keep your magnet away from the filings. They will stick to it and are hard to get off! 2. Lay the plastic bag on a table and shake it gently back and forth. Let your partner try it, too. With a little practice, you can get a thin layer of filings on top of the index card in your bag. The filings should not all be in a lump at one end. 3. Carefully lift the bag and set it on a paper clip. Describe what happens and draw it in the space below. Drawing 4. Can you predict what will happen to the iron filings if you place a magnet on the table and set the bag down on top of the magnet? Write your prediction below. 5. Now place the magnet on the table. Then gently pick up the bag and place it on the magnet. What happens? Was your prediction correct? Draw what you see in the space below: 6. Now, put your two bar magnets end-to-end so that they are attracted to each other and then put your zipper-lock bag on top. What do the magnetic fields of the two magnets look like now? Draw a picture on your data sheet. 7. Next, put your two magnets end-to-end so that they repel each other. Set your zipper-lock bag on top and see if the fields look different. Draw a picture on your data sheet of what you see. 8. Look at your pictures. Can one magnetic field change the shape of another magnetic field when they get close to each other? If so describe. What do your drawings show you about this? Homework Research the Earth’s magnetic field on line. Draw a picture of the planet Earth and its magnetic field. Doesn’t need to be too complex. Answer this question – What causes the Earth’s magnetic field, and how does it protect us? Earth’s magnetic field