Download Chapter 2 Notes - Anatomy

Chapter 2 Notes
Anatomy & Physiology
Matter—anything that has weight and takes up space
Mass—the amount of matter in an object
Periodic Table of Elements—shows a listing of all known elements
Group—vertical columns on the periodic table
Period—horizontal rows on the periodic table
Atom—smallest unit of all matter
2 Regions of the atom:
1.) Nucleus—dense center of the atom
2.) Electron Cloud—the region outside the nucleus
*arranged in levels around the nucleus
1st level—can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level—can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level—can hold up to 18 electrons
4th level and beyond—can hold up to 32 electrons
Protons—positive subatomic particle found inside the nucleus
Neutrons—neutral subatomic particle found inside the nucleus
Electron—negative subatomic particle found in the electron cloud outside the nucleus
Elements—substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler matter
Atomic Number—number of protons inside the nucleus
Isotopes—Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
Mass Number—the sum of Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus (P + N)
Radioisotopes—radioactive isotopes that have unstable nuclei
—the nuclei release particles or energy (or both) changing the mass #
Compounds—combination of two or more elements chemically combined
Shows the kind, and proportions of atoms
Ex.) H2O
CO2
NaCl
HCl
Physical Property—a characteristic in appearance only
Ex.) Size, Shape, Color or State of Matter
Chemical Property—a characteristic in the chemical makeup of the object
Ex.) Flammability, Rust, Digestible
Ion—Charged particle created when one atom loses or gains electrons
Ionic Bonds—bond between 2 atoms when one loses and one gains electrons
**formed when a metal and a non-metal combine
Covalent Bond—bond between 2 atoms when they share electrons
Molecule—a compound held together by a covalent bond
Solution—mixture where the substances are evenly spread out
Solute—the substance being dissolved into the solvent
Solvent—the substance that dissolves the solute
Aqueous Solutions—when a solute is dissolved into water
pH Scale—shows whether a substance is an acid or a base
In solution—water molecules break up into H+ and OH- ions (Hydroxide)
—if the H+ attaches to another water, it becomes H3O+ (Hydronium)
if there are more Hydronium ions than Hydroxide, it is an Acid
if there are more Hydroxide ions than Hydronium, it is a Base
*Delicate Balance of Acids and Bases in Nature*
7 is neutral (Pure Water)
0-7 Acidic Solution
7 – 14 Basic Solution (also called Alkaline)
Acid—Contains more Hydronium than Hydroxide ions
burn skin
highly corrosive
sour taste
Base—Contains more Hydroxide than Hydronium ions
slippery feel
bitter taste
Energy—ability to do work or cause change
Can take on many forms:
Light, Heat, Electrical, Chemical, and Mechanical
energy is transferred from one form to another
Work—movement of a mass over a certain distance
Potential Energy—energy of position or condition
—think of what the object “could” do
3 forms of Potential Energy:
1.) Gravitational Potential Energy
2.) Chemical Potential Energy
3.) Elastic Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy—energy of motion
Chemical Reaction—the process of breaking chemical bonds
—forms new bonds and new substances
Chemical Equation—shows a chemical reaction in written form
Reactants—everything on the left hand side of the equation
Products—everything on the right hand side of the equation (produced)
Activation Energy—amount of energy required for the reaction to begin
Exothermic Reaction—amount of energy given off is greater than the Activation Energy
Endothermic Reaction—Activation Energy is greater than energy given off
In nature—reactions occur in a series so as not to disrupt cells and metabolism
Organic Compound—structure contains Carbon
Derived from living things
Inorganic Compound—Derived from non-living things
Water—molecule with a covalent bond
Polar compound—has a positive and a negative end
Carbon Compounds—can form 4 covalent bonds to become stable
Can be: 1.) straight chains
2.) branched chains
3.) rings
3 most common Carbon Compounds:
a.) Sugar
b.) Fats
c.) Proteins
Monomer—simple molecule; a building block for larger molecules
4 Essential Organic Compounds:
1.) Carbohydrates 2.) Lipids
3.) Proteins
4.) Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates—composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio of 2 H : 1 O
*With the ratio, the number of Carbon can vary*
Can exist as a:
a.) Monosaccharide (1)
b.) Disaccharide (2)
c.) Polysaccharide (3)
Monosaccharide—simple sugar with a ratio of 1 C : 2 H : 1 O
Three common monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Glucose—main source of energy for plants and animals/ made by plants during photosynthesis
Fructose—found in fruits
Galactose—found in milk
Disaccharide—Double Sugar
combination of two monosaccharides (by way dihydration synthesis)
Two common disaccharides:
Sucrose—found in sugar cane
Lactose—found in milk
Polysaccharide—combination of three or more monosaccharides
formed by linked monosaccharides (by way of dihydration synthesis)
Three common polysaccharides:
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Lipids—fatty compound made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Large amounts of Carbon and Hydrogen, Small amount of Oxygen
Three common examples of lipids:
Fats
Oils
Wax
**Lipids are non polar and do not dissolve in water**
Cell membranes—composed of lipids to create a barrier for the cell
Carbon—Hydrogen Bondsstore more energy than a Carbon—Oxygen Bond
Fatty Acid—monomers that make up most lipids (with a polar and a non-polar end)
Structure—long, straight Hydrocarbon chain with a Carboxyl group at one end (COOH)
Triglycerides—Macromolecule where three fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule
Two main Triglycerides:
1.) Oil—liquid triglyceride at room temperature (usually found in plants)
2.) Fat—solid triglyceride at room temperature (usually found in animals)
Wax—consists of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
—are highly waterproof
Steroid—composed of four carbon rings
—considered a lipid because they don’t dissolve in water
Proteins—composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Formed from the linkage of monomers called Amino Acids
Amino Acids—form proteins (20 different kinds of Amino Acids)
Structure—a central Carbon atom with four covalently bonded atoms:
Hydrogen atom, Carboxyl group, Amine group (NH2) and an R group
Dipeptide—two Amino Acids bonded together
Peptide Bond—joins these two Amino Acids
Dihydration Synthesis—an Amino Acid joins another Amino Acid
Amine group gives up a Hydrogen ion
Carboxyl group gives up a Hydroxide ion
Water is formed, and Amino Acids are joined
Polypeptide—long chain of Amino Acids
Protein—composed of 2 or more polypeptides
Catalyst—substances that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes—proteins that act as catalysts, essential to cell functioning
lowers a cell’s activation energy to maintain it’s metabolism
binds to a certain molecule called a substrate
the reaction occurs, products are produced, enzyme moves on
Nucleic Acids—complex organic molecules that store important info from the cell
2 most important:
a.) DNA—Deoxyribonucleic Acid
stores information that is essential for almost all cell activities
b.) RNA—Ribonucleic Acid
stores and transfers info essential for the building of proteins
Nucleotides—monomers that make up DNA and RNA
DNA nucleotides have three parts:
1.) Deoxyribose Sugar—five Carbon sugar
2.) a Phosphate Group—contains Phosphorus and Oxygen
3.) a Nitrogen “base”
Nitrogen Bases—there are four different kinds:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Replication The process of the duplication of a DNA molecule
Ribonucleic Acid composed of Nucleotides
Different from DNA in 3 ways:
1.) only a single strand (DNA is double stranded)
2.) has Ribose sugar (instead of Deoxyribose)
3.) Three bases are: Cytosine & Guanine / Adenine & Uracil
(no Thymine)
There are three forms of RNA:
1.) Messenger RNA (mRNA)—a single uncoiled strand
2.) Transfer RNA (tRNA)—single folded strand of RNA that allows
complementary bases to pair up
3.) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)—RNA in a globular form
TranscriptionRNA is produced from a DNA double helix
Translation assembling protein molecules from information encoded in mRNA