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UNIT B: CELLS AND SYSTEMS OVERVIEW OF THE UNIT SECTION 1: 1.1: The characteristics of living things 1.2: Structures and Function 1.3: Organs and organ systems SECTION 2: 2.1: 2.2: 2.3: 2.4: 2.5: The Microscope The cell, the basic unit of life Single-celled, multi-celled organisms How substances move in and out of cells Cells in multi-cellular organisms SECTION 3: 3.1: Digestive system 3.2: Respiratory system 3.3 Circulatory system 3.4 Excretory system 3.5: Nervous system SECTION 4: 4.1: Diseases 4.2: Factors that affect healthy bodies 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things There are 6 characteristics of living things: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. All of these characteristics are required for something to be considered an organism, or living thing. Living vs. Non-Living Things Complete the chart (pg. 85) Humans Plants Animals Concrete Cloud Soil 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things 1. All living organisms must be made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of at least one cell. Simple organisms, like bacteria, can carry out their functions with one or more cells, whereas complex organisms, like humans, need millions of cells to carry out their functions. 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things 2. All living organisms need energy. All organisms require energy. Humans receive energy in the form of food so that they can do things like walk, work, play sports and grow. Plants get their energy from the sun to produce their own food. Regardless of how they get it, each organism needs nutrients, which are substances that provide energy that organisms needs to grow. Once the organisms receive energy, it is sent to the cells where they use the energy or create new energy. All of the processes that occur inside the organism to sustain its life are called metabolism. 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things 3. All living organisms must grow and develop. Ex) Plants grow new leaves in the spring. When humans get a cut or scrape, skin cells are replaced. 4. All living organisms must reproduce. Reproduction isn’t actually necessary for an organism to survive, but for the species to survive, reproduction is necessary. 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things Spontaneous Generation was mistakenly thought to explain how living things could come from non-living things (eg. flies from meat, pg. 87). 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things 5. All living organisms must respond to the environment. Ex: A car comes racing towards you and you jump out of the way. The moving car is the stimulus and the response is jumping out of the way. Create a few of your own examples. 1.1 Characteristics of Living Things 6. All living organisms must adapt to their environment. An adaptation is a characteristic that allows an organism to survive in its environment. Organisms adapt to their environment for survival. There are two types of adaptations: • structural – • behavioral – Ex: A snow hare turns white in the winter to blend in with the snow. 1.2 Structure and Function Ex) the fin on a dolphin is a structure and it’s function is to help the dolphin swim. Complete the chart on pg. 89 All organisms have to perform certain tasks or functions to stay alive, but different plants and animals have developed different structures for doing similar functions. 1.2 Structure and Function Fill in the chart below Function Moving Food gathering Breathing Plant Animal 1.2 Structure and Function Sometimes similar organisms have variations in their structures, even though they’re used for the same function. Similarity in structure with some variability can be seen among animals living in the Galapagos Islands. Charles Darwin studied many of the animals on the Galapagos Islands and determined the ‘Origin of the Species’ as a result of his observations. Darwin’s 13 closely related species of finches have different bill structures to perform the function of gathering food. Look at the picture on the next slide (refer to pg. 92) and describe what each beak is used for. 1.2 Structure and Function 1.3 Organs and Organ Systems Organs are individual parts within the body and combined with other organs, they make up organ systems, which perform a certain function or task. Ex) your mouth, esophagus, stomach, etc. are all individual organs, but combined, they make up part of the digestive system. Here are the body systems: http://www.edquest.ca/pdf/bodysystems.pdf 2.2 The Cell, The Basic Unit of Life Cells There are two types of cells: Plant cells and Animal Cells All cells, plant and animal, have structures which provide a certain function in order for the cell to survive. These specialized structures inside of the cells are called organelles, and each of them has a specific function. Plant Cell Animal Cell Can you spot the differences? 2.2 Organelles and Functions Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Chloroplasts Mitochondria Interactive Cells Here’s an interactive look at the parts of a cell. http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_scie nce_share/vis_sim/chm05_pg7_cell/chm0 5_pg7_cell.html http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model .htm 2.2 Cell Size and Function To carry out their work, cells need a constant supply of materials, such as oxygen, water and food particles and they also need to get rid of waste products, all these materials must pass through the cell membrane, most cells fall into a very narrow range of size between 10 50 micrometers (um) The cells of an organism all work together to help perform the various functions that need to occur if the organism is to live. The specialized cells of the body perform task that enable the organism to survive despite the actions and or habits it is involved in on a daily basis. 2.3 Single-Celled/Multi-celled Organisms Organisms can be either unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular organisms are made up of only a single cell. Multi-cellular organisms are made up of two or more cells. Unicellular organisms include mycoplasma, which is the smallest group of living organisms, as well as micro-organisms. These unicellular organisms have basic cellular functions like obtaining energy, removing waste, reproduction and can respond to their environment, but they are far less complex than multi-cellular organisms. 2.3 Single-celled Organisms Common Unicellular Organisms: Amoeba 2.3 Single-celled Organisms Paramecium Paramecium move swiftly through the fresh water where they live. They are covered in hair-like structures called cilia, which move back and forth like little oars, moving it through the water. Cilia also help gather food, by channeling the food to an oral groove, which is also lined with cilia, sweeping the food into the cytoplasm forming a food vacuole. 2.3 Single-Celled/Multi-celled Organisms Unicellular VS Multi-cellular organisms Multi-cellular organisms can: What are some examples of multi-cellular organisms? 2.4 How Substances Move In/Out of Cells The Cell Membrane Ex) Say you throw a party at your house—you’re not going to let everyone in. You let in known friends, people with food, presents, etc. And once the food is gone and the presents are open, you kick them out. This is kind of how the cell membrane works—it’s pretty picky about what comes in and out of the cell. 2.4 How Substances Move In/Out of Cells Diffusion Diffusion plays a part in moving substances into and out of a cell. Concentration determines the direction that a substance takes through the cell membrane – particles move from higher concentration areas to lower concentration areas (equal concentration allows the movement of particles in and out equally – whereas, a higher concentration of particles on the inside of the cell will move to an area of lower concentration on the outside (so movement will only occur from inside to outside) – until there is a balance. 2.4 Diffusion 2.4 How Substances Move In/Out of Cells Osmosis: In Osmosis, water moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Water helps to dissolve many of the substances involved in cell processes. When water is lost (moves out of the cell) it leaves behind a high concentration of the dissolved substances – when water moves back into the cell, the substances become more diluted and can be used by the cell for it’s life functions. 2.4 Osmosis http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHIS O/osmosis3.gif 2.4 The Effect of Osmosis on Cells The first cell is a normal red blood cell with equal amounts of water inside and outside the cell. The second cell was placed in a saltwater solution, so the water inside the cell moves outside, shrinking the cell. In the third diagram, the cell was placed in distilled water (pure water), so the water moves inside of the cell, making it almost burst. 2.5 Cells in Multicellular Organisms Combine Cells need to reproduce in order to survive. In unicellular organisms, cells reproduce by dividing. They pretty much make a copy of their existing cell. (check out pg. 121). In multicellular organisms, cells have specialized reproduction: Cells with the same structure and function combine to form tissue. Tissues form organs. Organs work together in organ systems. Systems work together to form an organism. So, unicellular organisms are simple, but selfsufficient and multicellular organisms are complex, but reliant on cells. 2.5 Tissues in Multicellular Organisms Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together, having similar structure and function. In humans and most animals, cells combine to form tissues such as: 2.5 Tissues in Multicellular Organisms In plants, tissues are a bit different: Vascular tissues connect the roots to the leaves. Phloem Tissue transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals, absorbed by the root cells, to every cell in the plant. Together, these tissues make up the plant organ systems, which are the leaves, the roots and the stems 2.5 Plant Tissue Check out the diagrams on pg. 123-124 and label the diagram below. Describe the difference in tissues between the roots, stems and leaves. 3.1 Digestive System Food enters your body through the mouth and then passes to the stomach and intestines. It is broken down along the way into usable, soluble particles that can be used by different cells. 3.1 Digestive System There are two types of digestion: mechanical digestion chemical digestion Digestion begins in the mouth with the mechanical breakdown of food. Saliva (produced by the salivary glands) mixes with the food to make it easier to swallow. Salivary amylase, an enzyme, begins the chemical digestion process by breaking the large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules. 3.1 Digestive System-Esophagus The epiglottis is a flap of skin that covers the windpipe so that food will not enter the lungs. The food is pushed down the esophagus by contractions of muscle tissue. This is called peristalsis. It then goes to the stomach. 3.1 Digestive System-Stomach The stomach churns the food mixing it with gastric juices (composed of mucus, hydrochloric acid, water and digestive enzymes). The mucus helps to protect the stomach from digesting itself. The food then enters the small intestine where chemical digestion continues with digestive enzymes added from the pancreas. 3.1 Digestive System-Intestines The inner surface of the small intestine is covered with villi, which increase the surface area for absorption of the nutrients that have been digested. Microvilli further this absorption of nutrients. In the large intestine, digestion is complete and those nutrients that have not been absorbed are formed into feces, which collect in the rectum and release from the body through the anus. http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp 3.2 Respiratory System Breathing is the process, which moves air in and out of the lungs. The diaphragm muscles cause the air to be pushed out of and pulled into the lungs. 3.2 Respiratory System The respiratory system Alveoli and Bronchi Picture Trachea Bronchi Tubes Bronchiole Alveoli 3.2 Respiratory System The air in the alveoli have a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide. The blood in the capillaries (blood vessels) surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Diffusion occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries (oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and the carbon dioxide diffuses back into the alveoli. Alveoli Picture Here is a close up picture of your Alveoli and a Capillary surrounding it. Capillary Wall of the air sac Carbon Dioxide is dropped off Oxygen is picked up Red Blood Cell Cool pictures 3.3 Circulatory System The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body. The Heart has the job of pumping these things around the body. The Heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels. The Heart and blood vessels together make up the Circulatory System. Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system. This means it has two parts parts. Lungs the right side of the left side of the system the system deals with deals with oxygenated deoxygenated blood. blood. Body cells 3.3 Parts of the Heart Right Atrium: Right Ventricle: Left Atrium: Left Ventricle: Aorta: http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp Blood Flow through Heart Blood from the body travels into the right atrium, moves into the right ventricle, and is finally pushed into lungs in the pulmonary arteries The blood then picks up oxygen and travels back to the heart into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins The blood then travels through the to the Left Ventricle and exits to the body through the Aorta… Right Atrium Left Atrium blood from the heart gets around the body through blood vessels There are 3 types of blood vessels a. b. c. The ARTERY Arteries carry blood away from the heart. thick muscle and elastic fibres The VEIN Veins carry blood towards from the heart. thin muscle and elastic fibres The CAPILLARY Capillaries link Arteries with Veins the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick The CAPILLARY A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed. artery body cell vein capillaries Capillary Diagram what’s in digested food red blood cells white blood cells oxygen waste (urea) platelets carbon dioxide plasma hormones The Blood red blood cell platelets white blood cell plasma Blood contains: •red blood cells (which carry oxygen), •platelets (which help blood clot) •white blood cells (which help fight infections And Plasma It also contains useful things like; • carbon dioxide • glucose • amino acids • proteins • minerals • vitamins • hormones • waste materials like urea. SUMMARY copy and complete the following; Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of four main things ______, the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and _________ to help blood clot. 3.4 Excretory System 3.4 Excretory System Waste removal in the body is done through the organs of the excretory system. (The respiratory and circulatory systems also assist in the process) Ammonia is a chemical waste that the body produces when cells break down protein. The liver converts the ammonia to a less harmful substance called urea. The urea is carried to the kidneys, where it is mixed with water, and other salts to produce urine. The urine is transported to the bladder through the ureter tubes. The bladder expands and then releases the urine out through the urethra. The skin also gets rid of waste (excess salt that the body does not need). This process, called ‘sweating’ also keeps you cool. A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of: The brain The spinal cord The nerves The senses 3.5 Nervous System The Nervous system is made almost entirely of a special kind of tissue called Nervous tissue. Nervous tissue is made entirely of specialized cells called neurons. A neuron’s job is to send and receive messages. Small branches in the neuron, called dendrites, receive messages, which then pass them on through the cell body to the axon. The axon then passes the messages on to neighboring dendrites at a synapse. Basic nerve cell structure The nervous system consists of two main divisions: – the central nervous system, – the peripheral nervous system 3.5 The Central Nervous System The brain receives stimuli from the outside world through sensory organs in the body. Internal stimuli are also received from inside the body. It reacts to all this stimuli and responds appropriately. The The brain is divided into three main sections: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the medulla. The spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system. It contains interneurons, which connect one neuron to another. http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp 3.5 Peripheral Nervous System Sensory neurons carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles and organs. The responses to these stimuli can be automatic, like your heartbeat and breathing (autonomic nervous system) or voluntary, like screaming when you see a mouse (somatic nervous system). The nervous system allows each of the systems of the body to respond to changing conditions and make adjustments in order to maintain a stable internal environment, allowing the cells to function properly. 3.5 The Reflex Response Sensory and motor nerves work together, sometimes not involving the brain. This is known as a reflex. Quivering muscles generate heat. 90% of heat loss is through the skin (most of the rest is through the lungs). Hairs on the skin stand on end when the tiny muscle cells near the surface contract, creating ‘ goosebumps Fluffing body hair (in animals with thick fur) reduces heat loss by improving insulation Feeling flushed (red and hot) happens because tiny blood vessels in the skin expand, which increases blood flow. Sweating helps cool down your body as moisture evaporates from the skin surface.