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UNIT B: CELLS AND SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW OF THE UNIT
SECTION 1:
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1.1: The characteristics of living things
1.2: Structures and Function
1.3: Organs and organ systems
SECTION 2:
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2.1:
2.2:
2.3:
2.4:
2.5:
The Microscope
The cell, the basic unit of life
Single-celled, multi-celled organisms
How substances move in and out of cells
Cells in multi-cellular organisms
SECTION 3:
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3.1: Digestive system
3.2: Respiratory system
3.3 Circulatory system
3.4 Excretory system
3.5: Nervous system
SECTION 4:
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4.1: Diseases
4.2: Factors that affect healthy bodies
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
There are 6 characteristics of living things:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
All of these characteristics are required for something to be
considered an organism, or living thing.
Living vs. Non-Living Things
Complete the chart (pg. 85)
Humans
 Plants
 Animals
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Concrete
 Cloud
 Soil
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1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
1.
All living organisms must be made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life. All organisms
are made up of at least one cell. Simple
organisms, like bacteria, can carry out their
functions with one or more cells, whereas
complex organisms, like humans, need millions
of cells to carry out their functions.
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
2. All living organisms need energy.
All organisms require energy. Humans receive energy in
the form of food so that they can do things like walk,
work, play sports and grow. Plants get their energy
from the sun to produce their own food. Regardless of
how they get it, each organism needs nutrients, which
are substances that provide energy that organisms
needs to grow. Once the organisms receive energy, it is
sent to the cells where they use the energy or create
new energy. All of the processes that occur inside the
organism to sustain its life are called metabolism.
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
3. All living organisms must grow and develop.
Ex) Plants grow new leaves in the spring. When
humans get a cut or scrape, skin cells are replaced.
4. All living organisms must reproduce.
Reproduction isn’t actually necessary for an organism to
survive, but for the species to survive, reproduction is
necessary.
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
Spontaneous Generation was mistakenly
thought to explain how living things could
come from non-living things (eg. flies from
meat, pg. 87).
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
5. All living organisms must respond to the
environment.
Ex: A car comes racing towards you and you jump
out of the way. The moving car is the stimulus
and the response is jumping out of the way.
 Create a few of your own examples.
1.1 Characteristics of Living Things
6. All living organisms must adapt to their environment.
An adaptation is a characteristic that allows an organism to
survive in its environment. Organisms adapt to their
environment for survival. There are two types of
adaptations:
• structural –
• behavioral –
Ex: A snow hare turns white in the winter to blend in with the
snow.
1.2 Structure and Function
Ex) the fin on a dolphin is a structure and it’s
function is to help the dolphin swim.
Complete the chart on pg. 89
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All organisms have to perform certain tasks or
functions to stay alive, but different plants and
animals have developed different structures for
doing similar functions.
1.2 Structure and Function
Fill in the chart below
Function
Moving
Food gathering
Breathing
Plant
Animal
1.2 Structure and Function
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Sometimes similar organisms have variations in their
structures, even though they’re used for the same
function. Similarity in structure with some variability can
be seen among animals living in the Galapagos
Islands. Charles Darwin studied many of the animals on
the Galapagos Islands and determined the ‘Origin of
the Species’ as a result of his observations. Darwin’s 13
closely related species of finches have different bill
structures to perform the function of gathering food.
Look at the picture on the next slide (refer to pg. 92)
and describe what each beak is used for.
1.2 Structure and Function
1.3 Organs and Organ Systems
Organs are individual parts within the body and
combined with other organs, they make up
organ systems, which perform a certain function
or task. Ex) your mouth, esophagus, stomach,
etc. are all individual organs, but combined, they
make up part of the digestive system.
 Here are the body systems:
http://www.edquest.ca/pdf/bodysystems.pdf
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2.2 The Cell, The Basic Unit of Life
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Cells
There are two types of cells: Plant cells and
Animal Cells
 All cells, plant and animal, have structures which
provide a certain function in order for the cell to
survive. These specialized structures inside of
the cells are called organelles, and each of them
has a specific function.
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Can you spot the differences?
2.2 Organelles and Functions
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Cell Membrane
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Cell Wall
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Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
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Vacuoles
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Chloroplasts
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Mitochondria
Interactive Cells
Here’s an interactive look at the parts of a
cell.
 http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_scie
nce_share/vis_sim/chm05_pg7_cell/chm0
5_pg7_cell.html
 http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model
.htm
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2.2 Cell Size and Function
To carry out their work, cells need a constant supply of
materials, such as oxygen, water and food particles and
they also need to get rid of waste products, all these
materials must pass through the cell membrane, most
cells fall into a very narrow range of size between 10 50 micrometers (um)
 The cells of an organism all work together to help
perform the various functions that need to occur if the
organism is to live. The specialized cells of the body
perform task that enable the organism to survive despite
the actions and or habits it is involved in on a daily
basis.
2.3 Single-Celled/Multi-celled
Organisms
Organisms can be either unicellular or multicellular.
 Unicellular organisms are made up of only a
single cell. Multi-cellular organisms are made up
of two or more cells.
 Unicellular organisms include mycoplasma,
which is the smallest group of living organisms,
as well as micro-organisms. These unicellular
organisms have basic cellular functions like
obtaining energy, removing waste, reproduction
and can respond to their environment, but they
are far less complex than multi-cellular
organisms.
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2.3 Single-celled Organisms
Common Unicellular Organisms:
Amoeba
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2.3 Single-celled Organisms
Paramecium
Paramecium move swiftly through the fresh water where they live.
They are covered in hair-like structures called cilia, which move
back and forth like little oars, moving it through the water. Cilia
also help gather food, by channeling the food to an oral groove,
which is also lined with cilia, sweeping the food into the cytoplasm
forming a food vacuole.
2.3 Single-Celled/Multi-celled
Organisms
Unicellular VS Multi-cellular organisms
Multi-cellular organisms can:
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What are some examples of multi-cellular organisms?
2.4 How Substances Move In/Out
of Cells
The Cell Membrane
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Ex) Say you throw a party at your house—you’re not
going to let everyone in. You let in known friends,
people with food, presents, etc. And once the food is
gone and the presents are open, you kick them out.
This is kind of how the cell membrane works—it’s pretty
picky about what comes in and out of the cell.
2.4 How Substances Move In/Out
of Cells
Diffusion
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Diffusion plays a part in moving substances into and out
of a cell. Concentration determines the direction that a
substance takes through the cell membrane – particles
move from higher concentration areas to lower
concentration areas (equal concentration allows the
movement of particles in and out equally – whereas, a
higher concentration of particles on the inside of the cell
will move to an area of lower concentration on the
outside (so movement will only occur from inside to
outside) – until there is a balance.
2.4 Diffusion
2.4 How Substances Move In/Out
of Cells
Osmosis:
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In Osmosis, water moves from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration.
 Water helps to dissolve many of the substances
involved in cell processes. When water is lost
(moves out of the cell) it leaves behind a high
concentration of the dissolved substances –
when water moves back into the cell, the
substances become more diluted and can be
used by the cell for it’s life functions.
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2.4 Osmosis
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http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHIS
O/osmosis3.gif
2.4 The Effect of Osmosis on Cells
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The first cell is a normal red blood cell with equal amounts of
water inside and outside the cell. The second cell was placed
in a saltwater solution, so the water inside the cell moves
outside, shrinking the cell. In the third diagram, the cell was
placed in distilled water (pure water), so the water moves
inside of the cell, making it almost burst.
2.5 Cells in Multicellular Organisms
Combine
Cells need to reproduce in order to survive.
 In unicellular organisms, cells reproduce by
dividing. They pretty much make a copy of their
existing cell. (check out pg. 121).
 In multicellular organisms, cells have specialized
reproduction:
Cells with the same structure and function
combine to form tissue. Tissues form organs.
Organs work together in organ systems.
Systems work together to form an organism.
 So, unicellular organisms are simple, but selfsufficient and multicellular organisms are
complex, but reliant on cells.
2.5 Tissues in Multicellular
Organisms
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Tissues are groups of similar cells that work
together, having similar structure and function.
In humans and most animals, cells combine to
form tissues such as:
2.5 Tissues in Multicellular
Organisms
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In plants, tissues are a bit different:
Vascular tissues connect the roots to the
leaves.
Phloem Tissue transports sugars manufactured
in the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals,
absorbed by the root cells, to every cell in the
plant.
Together, these tissues make up the plant organ
systems, which are the leaves, the roots and the
stems
2.5 Plant Tissue
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Check out the diagrams on pg. 123-124 and label the
diagram below. Describe the difference in tissues
between the roots, stems and leaves.
3.1 Digestive System
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Food enters
your body
through the
mouth and
then passes to
the stomach
and intestines.
It is broken
down along the
way into
usable, soluble
particles that
can be used by
different cells.
3.1 Digestive System
There are two types of digestion:
 mechanical digestion
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chemical digestion
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Digestion begins in the mouth with the
mechanical breakdown of food. Saliva (produced
by the salivary glands) mixes with the food to
make it easier to swallow. Salivary amylase, an
enzyme, begins the chemical digestion process by
breaking the large starch molecules into smaller
sugar molecules.
3.1 Digestive System-Esophagus
The epiglottis is a flap of skin that covers the windpipe so that
food will not enter the lungs. The food is pushed down the
esophagus by contractions of muscle tissue. This is called
peristalsis. It then goes to the stomach.
3.1 Digestive System-Stomach
The stomach churns the food mixing it with gastric juices
(composed of mucus, hydrochloric acid, water and
digestive enzymes). The mucus helps to protect the
stomach from digesting itself. The food then enters the
small intestine where chemical digestion continues
with digestive enzymes added from the pancreas.
3.1 Digestive System-Intestines
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The inner surface of the small intestine is covered with villi, which
increase the surface area for absorption of the nutrients that have
been digested. Microvilli further this absorption of nutrients. In the
large intestine, digestion is complete and those nutrients that
have not been absorbed are formed into feces, which collect in the
rectum and release from the body through the anus.
http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
3.2 Respiratory System
Breathing is the process, which moves air in and out of the lungs. The
diaphragm muscles cause the air to be pushed out of and pulled into
the lungs.
3.2 Respiratory System
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The respiratory system
Alveoli and Bronchi Picture
Trachea
Bronchi Tubes
Bronchiole
Alveoli
3.2 Respiratory System
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The air in the alveoli have a high concentration
of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon
dioxide. The blood in the capillaries (blood
vessels) surrounding the alveoli have a low
concentration of oxygen and a high
concentration of carbon dioxide. Diffusion
occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries
(oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and the
carbon dioxide diffuses back into the alveoli.
Alveoli Picture
Here is a close
up picture of
your Alveoli
and a Capillary
surrounding it.
Capillary
Wall of
the air
sac
Carbon
Dioxide is
dropped off
Oxygen is
picked up
Red Blood
Cell
Cool pictures
3.3 Circulatory System
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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different places in the body.
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The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
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The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
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The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the right side of
the left side of
the system
the system
deals with
deals with
oxygenated
deoxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
3.3 Parts of the Heart
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Right Atrium:
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Right Ventricle:
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Left Atrium:
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Left Ventricle:
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Aorta:
http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
Blood Flow through Heart
Blood from the body
travels into the right
atrium, moves into the
right ventricle, and is
finally pushed into lungs
in the pulmonary arteries
 The blood then picks up
oxygen and travels back
to the heart into the left
atrium through the
pulmonary veins
 The blood then travels
through the to the Left
Ventricle and exits to the
body through the Aorta…
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Right
Atrium
Left
Atrium
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a.
b.
c.
The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
artery
body cell
vein
capillaries
Capillary Diagram
what’s in
digested food
red blood cells
white blood cells
oxygen
waste (urea)
platelets
carbon dioxide
plasma
hormones
The Blood
red blood cell
platelets
white blood cell
plasma
Blood contains:
•red blood
cells (which
carry oxygen),
•platelets
(which help
blood clot)
•white blood
cells (which
help fight
infections
And Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
SUMMARY
copy and complete the following;
Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery
are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins
carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The
_________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall.
Blood is made up of four main things ______, the liquid part of the
blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______; White Blood cells to protect
the body from disease and _________ to help blood clot.
3.4 Excretory System
3.4 Excretory System
Waste removal in the body is done
through the organs of the excretory
system. (The respiratory and circulatory
systems also assist in the process)
Ammonia is a chemical waste that the
body produces when cells break down
protein. The liver converts the ammonia
to a less harmful substance called urea.
The urea is carried to the kidneys, where
it is mixed with water, and other salts to
produce urine. The urine is transported
to the bladder through the ureter tubes.
The bladder expands and then releases
the urine out through the urethra.
 The skin also gets rid of waste (excess
salt that the body does not need). This
process, called ‘sweating’ also keeps you
cool.
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A system that controls all of the
activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of:
The brain
The spinal cord
The nerves
The senses
3.5 Nervous System
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The Nervous system is made almost entirely of a
special kind of tissue called Nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue is made entirely of specialized cells
called neurons. A neuron’s job is to send and
receive messages. Small branches in the neuron,
called dendrites, receive messages, which then
pass them on through the cell body to the axon.
The axon then passes the messages on to
neighboring dendrites at a synapse.
Basic nerve cell
structure
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The nervous system
consists of two main
divisions:
– the central nervous
system,
– the peripheral
nervous system
3.5 The Central Nervous System
The brain receives stimuli from
the outside world through
sensory organs in the body.
Internal stimuli are also received
from inside the body. It reacts to
all this stimuli and responds
appropriately. The
 The brain is divided into three
main sections: the cerebrum, the
cerebellum and the medulla.
 The spinal cord connects the
brain to the peripheral nervous
system. It contains
interneurons, which connect
one neuron to another.

http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
3.5 Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory neurons carry information from the
body to the central nervous system. Motor
neurons carry information from the central
nervous system to the muscles and organs. The
responses to these stimuli can be automatic, like
your heartbeat and breathing (autonomic
nervous system) or voluntary, like screaming
when you see a mouse (somatic nervous
system).
 The nervous system allows each of the systems
of the body to respond to changing conditions
and make adjustments in order to maintain a
stable internal environment, allowing the cells to
function properly.
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3.5 The Reflex Response
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Sensory and motor nerves work together,
sometimes not involving the brain. This is known
as a reflex.
Quivering muscles generate heat.
90% of heat loss is through the skin (most of
the rest is through the lungs).
Hairs on the skin stand on end when the tiny
muscle cells near the surface contract, creating ‘
goosebumps
Fluffing body hair (in animals with thick fur)
reduces heat loss by improving insulation
Feeling flushed (red and hot) happens because
tiny blood vessels in the skin expand, which
increases blood flow. Sweating helps cool down
your body as moisture evaporates from the skin
surface.