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Phrases and Clauses
Guided Notes
Some Basics:
There are 7 parts of speech:
1.
____________________ which are things.
2.
____________________ which are the actions the things do.
3.
____________________ which modify nouns
4.
_____________________ which modify nouns’ actions
5.
_____________________ which describe the relationship between things
6.
Conjunctions which link phrases and clauses
7.
Interjections which express emotion or add emphasis
We form these parts together to create sentences.
Every sentence has a ________________________ and a __________________________.
The subject is __________________________________________________________________________ .
The predicate __________________________________________________________________________ .
I ran 7 miles yesterday in the dark. Subj = ____________ Pred. = ____________________________
Joe and my dad will probably never catch that fish. Subj= _____________________ Pred. = ___________.
Phrases:
A __________________________ is a group of two or more grammatically linked words ______________
a subject and a predicate.
teacher both students and  this is NOT a phrase. There is no grammatical relationship between words.
both teachers and students…  this is a phrase. The words have been rearranged to be grammatical.
In English, we often use ____________________ in place of one of the parts of speech. The part of speech
the phrase is replacing, is the type of phrase it is.
Remember: WE ARE LOOKING FOR THE LARGEST SEQUENCES OF WORDS THAT CAN BE REPLACED BY A
SINGLE PART OF SPEECH!
Phrases and Clauses
Guided Notes
Noun Phrase: A ______________ or any group of words which can __________________ for a noun. It
consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases,
adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.
Edward grows tomatoes as large as grapefruit.
Subject - Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
Object - To read quickly and accurately is Eugene's goal.
Object of Preposition- The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring breakup.
A ____________________ ___________________ or ____________________ _______________, is a
noun phrase consisting of a verbal, its modifiers (both adjectives and adverbs), and its objects:
Gerund- Running a marathon in the Summer is thirsty work.
Infinitive- I am planning to buy a house next month.
Verb Phrase: is the _________ __________ of the sentence plus its auxiliary or helping verbs.
The tree fell.
That tree will have fallen
Adjective Phrase: An _______________________ or any group of words which can substitute for an adj.
Riley is tall.
Riley is very tall.
Riley is even taller than the woman who coacher her volleyball team.
We saw Peter dashing across the quadrangle.
We picked up the records broken in the scuffle.
Adverb Phrase: An ____________________ or any group of words that can substitute for an adverb.
The wind blew strongly.
The wind blew very strongly.
The wind blew as if we were in the midst of a hurricane.
She bought some spinach yesterday.
She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.
Prepositional Phrase: A _______________________ and its object. These will be parts of other phrases.
The voice of the people is hard to ignore.
The game starts after the presentation.
He owns the house with the rile roof.
Phrases and Clauses
Guided Notes
Clauses:
A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a ___________________
and a __________________________. Every sentence consists of one or more clauses.
Clauses vs. Phrases
Elves eat cheese  Clause
Elves eating cheese  Phrase
Elves eating cheese are evil.  ________________________.
Run!  ____________________.
Don’t do that!  ____________________.
Sometimes the subject in a clause is ______________________________ .
Independent vs. Dependent.
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence; a _________________________
clause can’t. It is Dependent on something else to make sense.
King Kong is in Sioux City  independent clause
because King Kong is in Sioux City  dependent clause
Noun Clause:
A noun clause is an _____________ _______________ which takes the place of a ______________.
I know baboons.  Noun is underlined.
I know that I’m going to throw up at any minute.  Noun Clause is underlined.
* the “that” in this clause is optional. This is often called a “that clause”
WHEN DEALING WITH “WH” STEMS, YOU NEED TO REORDER THE WORDS TO UNDERSTAND THE SUB/PRED STRUCTURE.
The cost is unknown.  How much she paid for the llama’s milk is unknown.  She paid how much for the milk.
I don’t want to know it I don’t want to know what you bought in the mail.  You bought what in the mail.
LIKE A NOUN, A NOUN CLAUSE ACTS AS THE SUBJECT OR OBJECT OF A VERB OR THE
OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION, ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS "WHO(M)?" OR "WHAT?".
Phrases and Clauses
Guided Notes
Adjective Clause:
An adjective clause is a ______________________ clause which takes the place of an adjective in another
clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like
"which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples:
the red coat  adjective is underlined
the he coat which I bought yesterday  adjective clause is underlined
Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the
second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes
_______________________ what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.
The books that people read were mainly religious.
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.
Notice how this sentence also uses a “that” but it is not a noun clause. That and whom are optional.
Adverb Clause:
An adverb clause is a ________________________ clause which takes the place of an adverb in another
clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what
goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
The gorilla pooped here  adverb is underlined
The gorilla pooped where the child’s cake was being served  adverb clause underlined.
*Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so
that," will introduce an adverb clause.
*When you introduce a sentence with an adverb clause, you add a _____________ after it.
He shot the man because he stepped on his J’s  Purpose (why)
He tried to dance where the cats had been eating.  Place (where)
I’m going to smell everyone if no one confesses to the crime!  Condition (under what conditions)
I’m giving the money back before I become a monster. Time (when)