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1 H/V TTO
history
history
Memo helps you understand major
developments in the past. The clear
texts, interesting examples and
attractive practical tasks give an
insight into people’s lives in the past,
which seem strange in our eyes today.
However, some aspects will be very
familiar.
Memo makes history real and concrete.
The transparent and structured texts in
the handbook will give you an overview
of how all the periods relate to each
other and where events fit in. Focused
assignments in the workbooks for
you and your classmates will help you
broaden your understanding.
The digital learning environment
allows you to practise and deepen your
knowledge of the subject material.
Many moving images and beautiful
pictures bring topics to life. In Memo
you will always be aware of your level
of progress, and if necessary Memo
supports you by providing more
explanation or practice.
1 H/V TTO
WORKBOOK
ISBN 978 90 345 8449 6
552651
WORKBOOK
Contents
Introduction
Preface
1
4
4
The age of hunters and farmers • The rise of civilisations
• 1
Key facts • 2
•
•
•
•
3
4
5
6
Close-up • 7
Introduction
6
From Big Bang to primitive man
Agriculture
The river Nile and Egypt
Society is changing
Gods and mummies
8
10
12
14
16
Building for eternity
18
• 8 Review
2
20
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
• 1
Key facts • 2
Introduction
22
Life in a Greek city-state
24
26
28
30
32
• 3 Local government: Athens and Sparta
• 4 The Greek gods
• 5 Greek culture
• 6 The Greeks and their neighbours
Close-up • 7
Going to school in Athens
34
• 8 Review
3
36
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Roman Empire
• 1 Introduction
Key facts • 2
38
The conquest of a great empire
40
42
44
46
48
• 3 Life in the Roman Empire
• 4 Emperors in power
• 5 Romanisation
• 6 Christianity in the Roman Empire
Close-up • 7
Popular entertainment in Rome
50
• 8 Review
52
2
2
4
The age of monks and knights • Monarchs, monks and farmers
• 1
Key facts • 2
•
•
•
•
3
4
5
6
Close-up • 7
Introduction
54
The Franks arrive
Life in the countryside
The spread of Christianity
Islam in Europe
Loyalty to the lord
56
58
60
62
64
Symbols in medieval art
66
• 8 Review
5
68
The age if cities and states • Citizens, princes and the pope
• 1
Key facts • 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
Close-up • 7
Introduction
70
War in the name of God
New cities begin to trade
The medieval citizen
It’s all about faith
Monarchs want more power
72
74
76
78
80
Count Floris V of Holland
82
• 8 Review
6
84
The age of discoverers and reformers • Rediscoveries
• 1 Introduction
Key facts • 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
Close-up • 7
86
Antiquity reborn
A different outlook
Beyond Europe everything is different
Voyages of discovery
The end of a culture
88
90
92
94
96
The conquest of the Inca Empire
98
• 8 Review
100
Colophon
102
3
3
2
The age of Greeks and Romans
The Greeks
1
Introduction
Intro
why something happened, for example, why a war broke out,
The story of young Zeus and the divine bees is one of the
and what its consequences were.
hundreds of stories about the world of the gods. These
3
Let’s return briefly to the story of the amphora with the
stories are called myths. Myths tell us much about the ways
divine bees in the handbook. Read WB source 1.
the Greeks thought. This chapter is about the world of the
a Zeus had to be raised by honeybees. What was the cause
Greeks.
of this?
1
Have a look at HB source 1 and read the text.
a What is the era called that is discussed in this chapter?
b In the beginning the myths were passed on verbally.
Mention one possible consequence.
b When does this era begin?
c When did the unique Greek society come about?
c Later the myths were recorded in writing. Gods,
d Cross out the incorrect option.
demigods, giants and heroes often occur in the stories. You
The whole era is • is not discussed in this chapter.
might think that myths are not useful sources for historians.
e How old is the amphora you see in HB source 1?
Why do you think WB source 1 might be a useful source after
all, if the historians want to find out more about the Greeks?
f
Even though we do not see Zeus himself on the
amphora, we do know that the image relates to him. This
is because we still know the stories about the Greek gods
today. What names of other Greek gods do you already
know from stories?
Source 1
2
How Zeus became the supreme god.
Use HB sources 2 and 3 from the Introduction. Tick the
The battle between Zeus and Chronos
correct statements.
Zeus was the youngest son of the Titan (giant) Chronos.
□ Greece was one country in the 5th century BC.
Chronos was afraid that one of his children would steal
□ There were not any Greeks living on the Turkish coast.
his power. To prevent this, he ate all his children as
□ The various regions in Greece were separated by the sea.
soon as they were born. Rhea, Zeus’ mother, saved her
□ The Greeks also fought wars among themselves.
son from being eaten by his father by hiding him on the
□ The harbour of Athens was in the city itself.
island of Crete. There he was brought up in a cave by
bees. When Zeus was born, Rhea quickly swapped his
Historical thinking
body for a stone, which she wrapped in rags. Chronos
Cause and consequence
swallowed the stone without hesitation.
You will often come across the concepts of ‘cause’ and
When Zeus grew up, he thought of a trick to cause his
‘consequence’ when studying history. A cause relates to
father to spit out his brothers and sisters. Together they
why something happens. A piece of glass in your bicycle
began a battle against their father. Chronos was beaten
tyre, for example, causes a flat tyre. A consequence is
and Zeus took control of the whole world. To divide his
something that happens as a result of an event. For example,
father’s kingdom fairly among the brothers and sisters,
the consequence of a flat tyre could be that you are late for
they drew lots: Hades became the boss of the underworld
school. Historians too would like an answer to the question
22
and Poseidon would rule over the sea. Zeus himself was
Source 3
given charge of heaven. This is how he became the most
Zeus marries off his niece
important god of the ancient Greeks.
4
Demeter and Persephone.
Hades, the god of the underworld, was deeply in love
Use WB source 2.
with his niece Persephone. He asked his brother Zeus
a What does Zeus have in his right hand (on the left in the
if he could marry her. Zeus agreed. They did not ask
picture)?
Persephone or her mother Demeter.
Hades kidnapped his niece while she was picking
flowers. Demeter searched for her daughter day and
b What does Zeus have in his left hand?
night, disguised as a mortal.
c Of course there was a reason for choosing these sym-
Demeter was so sad that she was unable to do her work:
bols. After all, Zeus is not only the supreme god but also the
the harvests failed and the animals became infertile. This
god of heaven. These symbols are a cause • consequence of
caused a famine in the world.
the myth that is told in WB source 1.
When she discovered that her daughter was held
Source 2
prisoner in the underworld, Demeter demanded that Zeus
Zeus and his symbols.
brought her back. Zeus did not want to, and that is why
people on earth had nothing to eat.
In the end Zeus promised to bring Persephone back to
earth. There was only one problem: Persephone had
eaten pomegranate seeds in the underworld. Anyone
5
Read WB source 3.
who had accepted food from the dead could never return.
a What was the cause of Persephone being kidnapped?
In the end Zeus decided that every year, Persephone
should spend six months with Hades and six months with
b What was the consequence of Persephone’s disap-
her mother. When Persephone was with Hades, Demeter
pearance?
did not let anything grow. She only did so when her
daughter returned to her in spring.
6
You can recognize Zeus by the flash of lightning and the
eagle.
c What were the consequences of that?
a Imagine you have to make a drawing of Demeter and you
are only allowed to use symbols to show who she is. Which
d What was the cause of Persephone only being able to
symbols would you draw?
live with her mother for six months a year?
b Use WB sources 1 and 3. Which titans and gods are
mentioned?
e What was the consequence this time?
c All these gods are related to each other. Create a family
f
tree on a sheet of A4 paper in which you show how the
Give a reason why the Greeks told each other this story.
family fits together.
23
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Key facts
2
Life in a Greek city-state
Intro
1 did not have any rights and were not free.
1
Use HB source 1 and read the introductory text. The Acro-
2 were free, but they were not citizens.
polis, agora and Pnyx were important meeting places in the
3 had civil rights and the right to vote.
city of Athens. In the table fill in which place was important
4 were free, but they were inferior to men.
for which activity. Choose from: governing • religion • trade
Correct matches:
6
• jurisdiction • social life.
Location in the city
Which statements about slavery are correct?
□ In Sparta the helots were owned by the polis.
Part of society
□ In Athens slaves could sometimes buy their freedom.
Acropolis
□ Slaves only performed unskilled labour.
Agora
□ Athenian citizens could not become slaves.
7
a Read WB source 1. The rules applying to slaves were
not the same in all Greek cities. How can you tell from this
Pnyx
source?
Using your knowledge
2
Unlike Egypt, Greece was not united.
b In Sparta the situation was completely different. There
a What caused this?
the bravest slaves were killed ruthlessly. What would have
been the reason for this?
b In Egypt enough grain could grow along the Nile for the
Source 1
entire population. How did the Greeks manage to provide
author, around 425 BC).
enough food?
A text about dealing with slaves (by an unknown
Strange situations
It is strange, isn’t it, that in Athens slaves do not step
3
aside for you, and that you are not allowed to beat them?
Have a look at HB source 2 and read the caption. Why did
Do you know why beating slaves isn’t allowed in Athens?
the Greeks grow mainly olives?
Because you might often hit a free Athenian man by
mistake. After all, the free Athenian men are dressed just
4
like the slaves.
a Who governed Egypt and set the rules there?
Based on: Pseudo-Xenophon, The state of the Athenians I, 10-12.
8
b And what was it like in Greece?
Have a look at HB sources 3, 4 and 5 and correct and
complete the statements.
c Mention three similarities between the Greek poleis.
Source 3: this tomb relief was made for an Athenian • Spartan woman. I know this, because
5
In ancient Greece there was inequality between people. The
Source 4: this weaponry was owned by a
following sentences have been split into two parts. Match
rich • poor free man. I know this, because
the parts.
A Free women
Source 5: this statuette of a shepherd shows a helot •
B Rich free men
a Spartan citizen. I know this, because
C Slaves
D Poor free men
24
Assignment
c How did someone become a slave, according to the main
Opinions in those days
text?
The Athenian philosopher and scientist Aristotle
(384-322 BC) examined how Greek society functioned and
what might be improved, according to him. What did he think
of the inequality between people in the Greek polis? Did he
Source 3
think it was right that women and slaves had fewer rights
Aristotle discusses slavery.
than rich free men? That is what you are going to investigate
Is there anybody who is a slave by nature, someone for
in this assignment.
whom it might be good or suitable? Or is slavery always
9
Read WB source 2.
wrong? It is not difficult to answer this question. From
a Is Aristotle referring to poor or rich women? Explain your
birth some are people meant to serve, others are meant
answer.
to rule. Men for instance are by nature physically superior
to women. This rule, in which one person rules and
another is ruled, applies to all people. The least among
b Which two remarks in WB source 2 show that Aristotle
people are slaves by nature. You can recognize them like
thinks women are inferior to men?
you distinguish an animal from a man. It is best for them
that a master rules them. […] Someone might become a
slave as a result of a war in which he was taken prisoner
Source 2
by the conquerors. If a slave and a master are born as
Aristotle discusses what makes a good wife.
such, they can be useful to each other and friendship
A good wife is the boss in her home and takes care of the
may grow between them. But if that relationship has
housekeeping. A wife should take care that not too much
come about through war, the opposite might happen. The
money is spent on parties (which have been approved by
slave will rebel and become unproductive.
her husband). She does not allow anybody to enter the
Source: Aristotle, Politica (ca. 330 BC).
house without her husband’s permission. He particularly
11
fears gossip by other women, who have a bad influence
What did Aristotle think of inequality in the Greek polis?
on his wife. She only needs to know what is happening
indoors. It is important to keep educating the wife,
because she has to be a good example for her children.
Source: Aristotle, Oikonomikos (ca. 330 BC).
12 Just imagine: Aristotle and a woman from 2012 (who is in
10 Read WB source 3.
a In this source, too, Aristotle says that women are inferior
favour of more equality between men and women) give
to men. In what way?
their opinions on the life of a woman in our times. Ask your
teacher for the worksheet with the graph and the explanation.
b In the source Aristotle wonders if there are any people
a What do you think Aristotle would have thought of the
for whom it is appropriate to be slaves, or if slavery is wrong
first event? For this event place an A between -5 (very bad)
at all times. What is his answer to this?
and +5 (very good). Do the same for other events. Make sure
you can explain why you think Aristotle would give these
grades.
b Do the same for a woman from 2012. Now place Ws in
the graph. You should be able to explain these grades too.
25
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Key facts
3
Local government: Athens and Sparta
5
Intro
1
In HB source 2 you can see a diagram showing the local
Use HB source 1 and read the introductory text.
government of Athens around 500 BC. This diagram of
a Imagine you are an archeologist and you find this statu-
the local government of Sparta needs filling in. Fill in the
ette. You need to decide whether it is Spartan or Athenian.
diagram.
Where was it found? Explain your answer.
Source 1
Diagram of the local government of Sparta.
checked
....................................................................
....................................................................
helped
helped
b Why might the girl be looking over her shoulder?
....................................................................
6
elected five men
for 1 year
helped
elected 28 men
for life
....................................................................
Sparta actually had a combination of two forms of government. Which two? Explain your answer.
2
Tick the correct sentences.
□ Athenian women were more subservient to their
husbands than Spartan women.
7
□ Spartan women had to be able to run fast, wrestle and
Read WB source 2.
throw the discus and javelin so that they could fight in the
a What is Aristotle’s criticism of the day-to-day govern-
Spartan army in times of need.
ment?
□ Spartan babies who were not strong enough, were left to
die in the Taigetos Mountains, because sick or weak citizens
were of no use to Sparta.
b Do you think Aristotle was a supporter of democracy?
Using your knowledge
3
Explain your answer.
Match the forms of government with the descriptions.
A Aristocracy
B Democracy
C Monarchy
Source 2
D Tyranny
The Spartan constitution is imperfect in another aspect;
1 One person is in power.
I mean the ephors [the day-to-day government council].
2 The noblemen have the power.
This council decides on important matters, but the
3 A king or queen inherits the power.
ephors are elected from among all citizens. There is a fair
4 The power lies with the people.
chance that poor men will obtain these roles, and they
Correct matches:
4
Aristotle about the Spartan constitution.
are open to being bribed because they are in a bad way.
Use HB sources 2 and 3. The Athenians made sure no-one
Source: Aristotle, Politica (ca. 330 BC).
remained in power too long. Give four examples from
8
Athenian government that prove this.
a The Spartans and Athenians had been at war for nearly
thirty years from 431 BC onward. What was the cause of the
Peloponnesian War?
26
b Who won this war in the end? How did that happen?
Source 4
A short history about voting in the Netherlands.
From 1848 citizens could vote for parliament. In the
beginning they were only men who paid a certain amount
of money in taxes. After the constitutional reform of 1887,
that amount was lowered and more citizens could vote. In
Assignment
1917 the universal right to vote was introduced: from that
Comparing past and present
moment all men could vote. In 1919 the universal right to
In Athens, the people were in power for the first time; it is the
vote for women was introduced.
oldest democracy. The Netherlands is also a democracy. In
12 Read WB source 5.
this assignment you are going to investigate the differences
a Is Socrates in favour or against Athenian democracy?
and similarities between the Athenian democracy and current
Explain your answer.
Dutch democracy.
9
Read WB source 3.
a Correct and complete the sentences.
Athens was a direct • indirect democracy, because
b What do you think Socrates would have thought of the
The Netherlands is a direct • indirect democracy,
indirect democracy we have in the Netherlands?
because
b Why is a direct democracy impossible in the Netherlands?
Source 3
Direct and indirect democracy.
Source 5
If all citizens of a society govern together by means of
The philosopher Socrates about the national
assembly.
‘the majority decides’, then we call it a direct democracy.
I have noticed that when we meet because something
The citizens then have direct influence on the decisions.
needs to be built in the city, the national assembly
If citizens do not all govern together but they vote
invites architects to come and advise them. […] The
for others to do this for them, we call it an indirect
same happens with all other matters which they think
democracy. The decisions are made by people whose
can be taught and learnt. […] But when they have to
profession is politics (politicians).
decide on something that is related to governing the
10 Why was the Athenian democracy not at all democratic
city, then suddenly anyone may advise, whether they are
carpenters, smiths, shoemakers or merchants, poor or
according to our ‘modern’ ideas? Give two reasons.
rich, of nobility or of lower status. […] Nobody reproaches
a speaker for not having suitable education or experience
11
Read WB source 4. Since when has the Netherlands actually
in these matters.
been a ‘modern’ democracy? Explain your answer.
Based on: Plato (427-347 BC), Protagoras (319D).
27
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Key facts
4
The Greek gods
Intro
1
5
How did the Greeks honour their gods (3x)?
6
a Read WB source 1. Explain that this statement of the
Use HB source 1 and read the Intro. HB source 1 has some
numbers. Which number matches which description?
A This man plays the aulos (a flute).
B This is the altar. The goddess Athena is portrayed behind
the altar and can be recognized by her shield.
C This goat has painted horns and is brought to the altar in
sacrifice.
D The people in the procession wear floral wreaths and
oracle can be explained in two ways.
garlands.
E This woman is given the honour of carrying a bowl with
grain. A knife is hidden among the grain. It will be used to
b The Athenians were beaten on land, but did indeed beat
slaughter the animals.
the Persians with a fleet. Would the Greeks have consulted
F This man is carrying a water jug. The water is used to
oracles more or less frequently after this event? Explain
sprinkle the animals. This is a sign of purity.
your answer.
G This decorated bull will be the first to be sacrificed.
Correct matches:
2
Source 1
a Is the person who tells the story of the procession
Herodotus (484-425 BC), a historiographer, writes
about a prophecy by the oracle in Delphi during the wars
depicted on the vase? Yes. • No.
between Athens and the Persians.
b Who do you think is telling the story?
Wooden walls
‘The goddess Athena cannot convince Zeus. But I will tell
you what will happen. Zeus only gives the city of Athens
Using your knowledge
3
“the walls of wood”. They will remain untouched and
Match each god(dess) with the correct task.
they will save you and your children.’ The envoys wrote
A Hades
these words down and returned to Athens. The Athenian
B Zeus
general Aristides said that ‘the wooden walls’ referred
C Poseidon
to shields. Athens had to defeat the Persians with a land
D Hera
army. But Themistocles, a general, said that Athens had
1 God of the sea
to build a fleet. Athens had to beat the Persians with
2 Goddess of marriage
wooden ships.
3 Supreme god, god of heaven, thunder and lightning
7
4 God of the realm of the dead
think this story is a myth? Explain your answer.
Correct matches:
4
Have a look at HB source 4 and read the caption. Do you
a Explain why the Greeks had so many gods.
b Give an example to show that Greek gods were very
much like people.
28
Assignment
running, long jumps and wrestling) and races for horses
Olympic Games
and chariots. From 520 BC one of the hardest contests
The Olympic Games were first held in 776 BC. The Greeks
was introduced: athletes ran wearing full weaponry,
considered this sports event so important that their calendar
including their shields.
began in that year. In this assignment you are going to
investigate the differences and similarities between the
Source 3
Olympic Games in the past and today.
8
The only thing that mattered was to come first. Being
Like we say ‘before Christ’, the Greeks said ‘during the
second or third meant nothing. The winner received an
so-manyeth Olympic Games’. When did the tenth Games
olive branch and brought credit to his city. After returning
take place in ancient Greece?
9
home, winners were welcomed as heroes; from then on
they were given the best places in the theatre, they were
Read WB sources 2 to 5. Fill in the first column in the table
invited to parties and dinners and suddenly their chance
using these sources.
Olympic Games in
the past
The purpose.
of marrying a rich woman grew significantly.
Olympic Games today
Source 4
Since
when?
The Olympic Truce.
There were frequent wars between the poleis. To make
Where?
sure that all athletes from the whole of Greece could
travel safely to Olympia, a truce was called one month
Also during
great wars?
before the Olympic Games. Pleasing Zeus was more
important than a war.
Where do
the participants come
from?
Source 5
Kallipateira of Rhodes.
Only free Greek men were allowed to participate in the
games for Zeus. In the nude. It stopped women from
Whose
honour
are they
competing
for?
participating secretly. One woman, Kallipateira, so much
wanted to see her son boxing, that she dressed up as his
trainer. When her son had won the games, she ran to him
full of joy, and her disguise fell off. Because her father,
Number of
sports?
brothers and son were Olympic champions, the judge
Who can
participate?
decided not to punish her. From then on trainers also had
What do
the winners
receive?
10 Fill in the second column in the table in question 9. Find the
to do their work in the nude.
information on the Internet or in a reference book.
11
Source 2
Sports.
Work together in pairs. Design two posters together: one
for the Olympic Games in ancient times and one for the
Olympic Games today (winter or summer). Your posters
The first thirteen Olympic Games consisted of only one
should show clearly what the differences and similarities
contest: sprinting from one side of the stadium to the
are between the games of the past and today. All the items
other. After the fourteenth Games they added a variety
you have noted in the table should be included in your
of distances. Very soon this was followed by boxing,
posters.
wrestling, pankration (a combination of wrestling and
boxing), the pentathlon (spear and discus throwing,
29
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Key facts
5
Greek culture
Intro
1
Have a look at HB source 1. Statement: ‘Thanks to this
painting, we know that Greek culture was very important in
Italy around 1500.’ Give an argument for this statement.
2
d Explain in your own words why it was so important to the
What do you think would be a better name for this painting:
Greeks to make their statues as perfect as possible.
Philosophy or The Athenian School? Explain your answer.
5
Using your knowledge
3
In what way were Greek art and science related? Explain
your answer.
a Which parts of Greek culture do you recognize in the
painting by Raphael?
□ Sculpture.
□ Architecture.
□ Painting.
6
□ A play.
b For each correct part mention what you see.
4
Use HB source 6. Tyche and Hippocrates had different ideas
about what makes people ill. What is the difference?
Use HB sources 2 to 4.
a How come the Egyptian couple in HB source 2 does not
look very realistic? Describe what you see.
Source 1
The first lines of Herodotus’ report.
Here follows the report of the research by Herodotus
from Halicarnassus, so that we will not forget what
people have achieved, so that the fame of the great
b What tells you that initially the Greeks copied much from
and admirable achievements performed by Greeks and
the Egyptians in their statues?
barbarians [strangers] will not fade away, and so that
we will not forget the reason why Greeks and barbarians
went to war against each other.
Source: Herodotus (484-425 BC), Histories (book I, 1).
7
c Compare HB source 4 with HB source 2. Mention two
Use WB source 1. What was scientific about the way in which
Herodotus described history?
main differences between the statues.
30
Assignment
Source 3
Your own research
About young people
In this assignment you will investigate Socrates’ importance
Socrates: Meletos claims that I am the culprit, because I
as a philosopher. Socrates was born in Athens in 470 BC.
ruin young people. But men of Athens, I say that he is the
He was well-known, but not loved by everybody in Athens.
culprit. [...] Tell me, Meletos, do you agree that it is very
Socrates did not leave any information himself: everything
important that our young people have the best possible
we know about him was recorded by others, including his
lives?
student Plato. In 399 BC Socrates was sentenced to death.
Meletos: Yes, I do.
You will know the reason why after you have completed this
Socrates: Then tell the people here who ensures that they
task.
8
Socrates’ defence.
have the best possible lives. After all, it is obvious that
a One of Socrates’ well-known statements is: ‘Athens is a
you have thought about it, because you are concerned.
slow horse and I am the horsefly that needs to sting it into
You have, as you put it, found the corrupter of young
action.’ What would he have meant by this?
people in me and you drag me to court and sue me. Then
you can also name the man who improves them; now,
who is it?
Meletos: … [says nothing]
b Another of Socrates’ well-known statements is: ‘Igno-
Based on: Plato, Apology.
rance is the source of all evil.’ Explaining your own words
what it means.
9
11
Use WB source 2. Which two complaints were grounds for
12 Use WB source 4. What is Socrates warning the jury
sentencing Socrates to death, according to Meletos?
Source 2
What is Socrates trying to achieve in his defence?
against?
The charge.
Source 4
Meletos, son of Meletos, from the district Pitthos, has
Socrates’ warning to the jury.
My opponent might kill me, exile me or rob me of my
filed suit against Socrates, son of Sophronikos, from the
civil rights. [...] Do not think, men of Athens, that I am
district Alopeke. [The charge reads:] Socrates is acting
standing here holding a speech of defence for myself.
unlawfully by not worshipping the gods that the city
No, rather it is for you, [...] For if you kill me, it will not be
worships and by introducing other, new divine beings;
easy to find someone else who will cling to the city like a
his behaviour is also unjust because of his bad influence
horsefly to a horse, however strange that might sound.
on the young people. The proposed penalty: death.
Based on: Plato, Apology.
Based on: Diogenes Laërtius (3rd century AD).
10 Use WB source 3. Socrates must defend himself before the
jury. The way he does this is called the Socratic method.
What do you notice?
31
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Key facts
6
The Greeks and their neighbours
6
Intro
1
What was the main difference between the Greeks and the
Use HB source 2 in the Introduction.
Persians in government and army?
a Which nation was a major enemy of the Greeks around
Government:
500 BC?
b Use the map to explain why the Greeks and Persians
Army:
were likely to come into conflict.
7
2
The sizes of the blue and red areas in HB source 1 show the
Have a look at HB source 4. Explain why this sarcophagus
matches the concept of Hellenism well.
strengths of the armies.
a In regard to numbers of soldiers, which army had the
advantage?
b The Greeks won the battle at Marathon. Which advanta-
8
ges did they use well? Tick the correct answers.
□ The Greeks knew the battleground better.
In the table, fill in a cause and a result for each of the three
main developments in this section.
□ The Persians were enclosed on three sides: by a swamp,
Causes
the Greek fleet and mountains.
Colonisation
period
(750-550 BC)
□ The Persians were enclosed on three sides: by a swamp,
the sea and mountains.
□ The Greek army could close in the Persians in a wellplanned attack.
□ The Greek army was larger and better trained.
Using your knowledge
3
Have a look at HB source 2. In which countries or areas did
the Greeks found colonies? (Use the current names.)
Persian wars
(490-479 BC)
4
Why was it very easy for the Greek poleis to trade with their
colonies?
5
Explain how the meaning of the concept ‘barbarian’
Hellenism
(323-146 BC)
changed due to the wars against the Persians.
32
Consequences
Assignment
9
Simultaneously, the fleet sailed along the coast in the
What happened?
same direction. Xerxes was very confident that all would end
You have already read about the Persians’ unexpected
well and he asked one of his army commanders, a Greek
defeat in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. All the Persians
who had joined his side, if he thought that the Athenians
wanted now was revenge. In 480 BC the Persian King Xerxes
and their friends would defend themselves. According to
once again set out for Greece. You will read here how that
Herodotus, the Greek historiographer, he answered:
war ended. Unfortunately the story is mixed up. In this
‘Certainly, they will never accept conditions that will make
assignment you are going to reorder the story and create a
them slaves and they will fight, even if all the other Greeks
map of the course of the war.
are on your side. Do not ask me who those people are, but
9
Work in pairs. Place the course of the Second Persian War in
they will fight you, no matter the strength of their army.’
the correct order.
10 The Battle of Salamis decided the outcome of the
The correct order:
campaign. King Xerxes returned to his kingdom. However, a
1 It was decided that the Greek fleet would lie in wait for
strong Persian land army remained and marched into the
the Persian fleet at Cape Artemisium and that the land army
area around Athens for the second time.
10 Use WB source 1. You will now draw the places and events
would block the narrow pass of Thermopylae. The army led
by the Spartan King Leonidas stopped the Persian troops
on this map. Use the maps in the HB and a historical atlas. If
from passing (the pass was blocked) until a traitor showed
necessary, ask your teacher for a large-scale version of WB
them a path through the mountains. Thus Xerxes could
source 1.
attack the Spartans from behind.
a Write the following places and areas next to the dots and
2
crosses on the map: the pass of Thermopylae • Athens •
This fleet attacked the Persians at Salamis and destroyed
the fleet of the Persians, under the eyes of Xerxes, who was
Isthmus • Sparta • Salamis.
watching from a throne on the coast.
b Draw the movements of the Greek and Persian armies
3
and those of both fleets.
In the year 480 BC Xerxes decided to advance against
Athens. He gathered an enormous army and a large fleet.
Source 1
The army crossed bridges over the Hellespont and then
Unlabeled map of the Persian wars.
continued along the coast towards Greece.
4
The Greek cities on the Turkish coast were left alone by
the Persians from now on. De Persian wars were over.
5
AEGEAN SEA
The Greeks fought as hard as they could to give their
fleet the chance to escape. All the Spartans were killed. The
fleet could only just escape, but the way to Central Greece
was open.
6 When Xerxes and his army approached Greece, there
were 150 to 180 ships waiting. In Corinth, the poleis that
intended to oppose the Persians under the leadership of
Sparta and Athens met. The Spartans were given military
leadership.
7
The rest of the Greek army now withdrew beyond the
Isthmus, the narrow strip of land that connects the Pelopon-
PELEPONNESE
nese with the mainland of Greece. After that Athens and
surroundings were conquered and burned. Themistocles
had already made sure all women and children were
evacuated from the city. The Athenian men were on their
warships.
IONIAN SEA
8 Now the Athenians, the Spartans and their other Greek
Persian attacks
Greek fleet
Greek land army
allies advanced together against the Persian land army.
They gained a wonderful victory. The Greek fleet now entered
the Black Sea and defeated the Persians again.
33
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
Close-up
7
Going to school in Athens
3
Intro
Use HB sources 1 and 2 again. Here are other reasons why
Read the introductory text in the handbook. In this Close-up
Athenian students should learn these subjects. Which?
you and a classmate will investigate sources about upbrin-
Reading (one reason):
ging and education in Athens. After completing the task
you should be able to answer the main question: what did
Athenian students learn at school?
1
Music (two reasons):
Answer the following questions. Do not yet look at the
sources in the handbook and workbook.
a Which subject(s) do you find the most important at
school?
Sports (two reasons):
4
b Which subject(s) do you like best?
Greek students memorised large parts of the poet Homer’s
work (HB source 3). He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. By
studying poems the students learned much about Greek
history and culture. Use WB source 2 and answer the
questions.
2
c What do you think is the main purpose of going to
a What did the Greeks consider good characteristics?
school?
There are four in the source.
Read WB source 1.
a In the first column of the table at the bottom of
b What do you consider important characteristics?
page 35, fill in what subjects Aristotle found important.
Mention four.
b In the second column fill in why Aristotle found them
important subjects.
c In the third column fill in whether you consider these
subjects important. Also mention why you do or don’t.
d Have a look at HB sources 1 and 2 and read the captions.
c Greek students used to memorise passages like this
In the fourth column of the table fill in the subjects you
one! Just try yourself …
recognize and mention in which sources.
Source 1
What Aristotle, the philosopher, thinks students
should learn.
1
Reading and writing are practical and very useful in
trade and housekeeping.
2 Sports for the improvement of health.
3 Music to fill free time, but it is not a good occupation
for a free man.
4 Drawing increases the appreciation of art and an
awareness of the beauty of the human body.
Based on: Aristotle, Politica.
34
Source 2
1st lesson:
Passage from the Iliad.
In class:
Memorise it!
The Iliad is the story of the most famous war in Greek
mythology, the Trojan War.
While they took care of the brave Menelaus [Spartan
king], the Trojans advanced in powerful fully-armed
Homework:
lines to launch an attack. The Greeks took up arms again
and prepared for battle. No trace of lethargy could be
found in King Agamemnon [brother of Menelaus, king of
Mycenae], no fear, no unwillingness to fight, but he was
full of zeal and eager to fight a war, out for glory. [...] On
2nd lesson
foot he passed the lines of the Greeks, who were known
In class:
for their fast horses. Where he saw them full of zeal and
eager to fight, he encouraged them and said: ‘Greeks,
do not be afraid of a fierce battle.’ […] But to those he
Homework:
saw weakening in the hideous war, he spoke these
3rd lesson:
angry words: ‘You, faint-hearted bigmouths! Aren’t you
In class:
ashamed?’
Source: Homer, Iliad, Book IV (adapted from the translation by M.A.
Homework:
Schwarz).
5
4th lesson:
Imagine: the director of your school has decided you will
be taught according to the Athenian model for one day. You
are now experts in this subject. That is why you are asked to
In class:
create a timetable based on the Athenian model. (There is
Homework:
one difference: girls are welcome too!)
5th lesson:
Create that timetable. You should include:
– which subjects are taught and at what time of day;
In class:
– what you will be doing in each subject and include the
Homework:
homework for the next day.
Important subjects according to Why are they important accorAristotle
ding to Aristotle?
35
Are they important according to
you? Why are(n’t) they?
Can be recognized in HB source
Chapter
The age of Greeks and Romans • The Greeks
Chapter 2
8
Review
3
Skill
Tick the correct statements about the concept of ‘conse-
Cause and consequence
quence’.
1
Read WB sources 1, 2 and 3. For each of them, indicate what
□ Often a consequence explains a certain event.
event the source is about. Use the main text in sections 3
□ A consequence is something that happens because of or
and 5.
after something.
Source 1:
□ You can often explain a consequence by looking at the
Source 2:
causes.
Source 3:
□ A consequence is a reason why something happens.
4
Source 1
The causes and consequences of WB sources 1, 2 and 3
have been mixed up. In the table, fill in the matching cause
From the Histories by Herodotus (484-425 BC).
and consequence for each source.
‘When [the Persian King] Xerxes no longer knew what
A Around 509 BC, new laws were adopted in Athens so that
to do, a man from Malis visited him. He was called
‘ordinary’ citizens now also had to fight in the army. They
Ephialtes. As he expected to receive a great reward from
wanted to be allowed to decide on issues such as war and
Xerxes, he showed him a footpath that led through the
peace too. In 508 BC that moment arrived.
mountains to Thermopylae. This is how he caused the
B In the end the Athenians lost the war.
downfall of the Greeks.’
C The Persian king planned to add the Greek colonies
on the Turkish coast to his kingdom. The poleis in Turkey,
Source 2
The ideas of Cleon the strategist.
however, received support from Athens. Then the Persians
organised two major campaigns against all the Greeks.
In 425 BC Sparta made a peace proposal to Athens.
D The treason caused 300 Spartans to be killed.
Cleon suggested to the national assembly to turn down
E In the beginning the strategy did not work so well, but
Sparta’s offer of peace. He said: ‘If I were a strategist, I
after Pericles suggested a daily allowance in 460 BC, more
would attack the surrounded Spartan army [the Spartan
Athenians turned up.
army was trapped in a ravine]. Within twenty days I will
F Both Athens and Sparta wanted to be the most powerful
bring the Spartan prisoners of war to Athens.’ Then the
and the strongest in Greece.
national assembly elected Cleon as the general.
Cause
Source 3
Consequence
1
The Wikipedia website about Kleisthenes.
2
In 510 BC the tyrant Hippias was expelled from Athens
3
and Kleisthenes led the democratic reform of the
city’s government. He was a nobleman, but he wanted
Chronology
the common people to be able to participate in the
5
government too. In 508 BC he set up a general national
You can subdivide the history of the polis of Athens into
three periods: growth (from 750 BC), flourishing (from 508
assembly of all free men.
2
Source
BC) and decline (from 404 BC).
Tick which statements are correct about the concept of
a Use the timeline in the HB. Complete the sentences.
‘cause’.
The cause of growth is
□ Often a cause gives an explanation of a particular event.
The cause of flourishing is
□ A cause is something that follows from something else.
□ Several causes can lead to an event.
The cause of the decline is
□ A cause is a reason why something happens.
36
7
b Which event caused the polis Athens to disappear as an
independent state?
a Use HB sources 1 to 4, WB sources 3 and 5 and the table
below. In the table mention the sources (one or more) in
which you found information about each part of Greek
c Indicate the periods of growth, flourishing and decline in
culture.
Athens in WB source 4. Also indicate which event marks the
b In the right-hand column in the table fill in what we have
beginning of a new period.
adopted from the ancient Greeks. Use the information in the
sources.
The influence of the Greeks in later days
In the 21st century there is still great admiration for ancient
Source 5
Greece. Western European society has also adopted many
Doctors swear the Hippocratic oath when they begin
ideas of the Greeks.
6
The Hippocratic oath.
to practise their profession. The first one dates back to
Use the timeline in your handbook. How did Greek culture
ancient times and the second one belongs to today.
spread, after the Greeks were conquered by other peoples?
From ancient times: ‘I swear by Apollo the healer, by
Mentioned two ways.
Asclepius, Hygieia and Panacea, and ask all gods and
goddesses to witness, that I will respect the following
oath to the best of my ability: I will advise patients to the
best of my ability and will never harm anyone.’
From 2003: ‘I swear/promise that I will practise medicine
to the best of my ability, serving my fellow men. I
will take care of the sick, further health and alleviate
suffering.’
Part of Greek culture
Which sources
relate to it?
What have we in Western Europe adopted from the ancient Greeks?
Governing
Freedom at the time
of the Athenian
democracy
Architecture
Medicine
Literature
Source 4
800 BC
Timeline of the history of Athens.
700 BC
600 BC
500 BC
37
400 BC
300 BC