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Famous Experiments A look at behaviorism, observational learning, and obedience to authority Topic: Authority and Obedience Experiment: Dr. Stanley Milgram’s “shock” experiment Research question: Will people do things they find morally objectionable if an authority figure asks them to do so? Procedures: Subject is told to deliver increasing voltage of electric shock to “memory test subject” in adjacent room. As screams and pleads of “stop” are heard, subject is told by authority figure (psychologist in labcoat) to “please continue.” Findings: 63% if subjects continue delivering shocks to end Conclusion: People will go against their own conscious (moral code) when pressed to do so by someone in authority Show Milgram British redovideo SO WHaT? Topic: Conformity to social pressure Experiment: Dr. Solomon Asch line experiments Procedures: 1 subject in room full of “plants”. Plants give obviously incorrect answer. Will subject trust his/her own perception and give honest answer or bend to norm? Findings: 76% of subjects will go with group at least once; 25% never bent to group’s opinion; 5% always bent to group’s opinion video clip Topic: Bystander Apathy Darley and Latane (1968) Subjects are in separate rooms engaged in discussion over intercom 1 of the people in discussion starts to have epileptic seizure and pleads for help What happens? Greater # of people in group, slower people are to respond to help Video clip What would you do? Independent reading and notes: Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning Read and annotate the handout. Take notes on loose leaf/spiral Be sure to identify and define key words associated with the theory If any processes are described, create a flow chart that depicts the process video clip The Office Classical Conditioning: Pavlov and “Pavlovian Response” Russian Dr. Ivan Pavlov, M.D. (1849-1936) studied effects of external environment on reflex responses “Classical conditioning focuses on the learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses such as fear, increase heartbeat, salivation, or sweating, which are sometimes called respondents or reflexes because they are automatic responses to stimuli” * Procedures: FACT: dogs have an instinctual reflex (Unconditioned Response) to start salivating when they smell food. Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (sound of bell ringing) with the unconditioned stimulus (food) US + NS UR Repeat multiple times. NS becomes CS. UR becomes CR. Remove US. Perform CS only (bell ring) CS CR Conditioned response (CR) :The behavior that starts as an unconditioned response (UR or UCR) to an unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) the experimenter is trying to elicit from the subject using the neutral stimulus (NS) salivation Neutral stimulus (NS): A stimulus (sight, sound, smell, feeling) that is unrelated to the desired behavior response prior to conditioning. Sound of bell Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS): a stimulus that leads to an involuntary response by a subject without any training. Food NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) After repeated paired exposures of NS and US, NS becomes CS; subject begins behaving in same involuntary way it would to unconditioned stimulus (US) after US has been removed Generalization: Stimulus similar to CS will elicit same CR --Different bells elicit salivation Discrimination: Animal learns to ignore stimuli that are similar to CS If similar stimuli never accompany original US --Sound of different bell NEVER paired with food Extinction: CR will stop after repeated exposure to CS without US --Original bell rung many times without exposure to food Practical applications of Pavlovian Response In simple terms: you can train an animal (and a person) to respond in a desired way (perform a behavior or extinguish a behavior!) by training the person to associate desired (or undesired) behavior with a simple stimulus help people stop wetting the bed stop coyote from eating sheep by poisoning sheep carcasses eliminate phobias (pair the feared stimulus with a positive stimulus) 1920 John Watson experiment “Baby Albert” video Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Skinner (died 1990) American behavioral psychologist Designed the “Skinner Box” to prove that animals (rats, pigeons) could be trained to do noninstinctual behaviors if rewarded for the desired behavior 2 kinds of “reinforcers” Positive--reward like money or food Negative --removal of a negative stressor (loud noise, bright light, shock) (NOTE: This is not the same as punishment!!) Animals can be trained to extinguish (stop doing previously learned behaviors) if punished for performing the behavior or if reinforcement stops Punishment does NOT work very well to make behavior extinct IF reward outweighs punishment Show video Video clip 2 Skinner’s additional findings Schedules of reinforcement: Continuous reinforcement—Reward every time behavior occurs fixed ratio schedule—same amount of reward every time behavior occurs fixed interval schedule—reward given if behavior occurs in set amount of time variable schedules—reward appears in random amounts and random time intervals and after random occurences of behavior Which Schedule of reinforcement works best? Variable interval works best!! Reinforcer loses effectiveness if happens every time!! Shaping: animals can be trained to do difficult, multi-step tasks (such as navigating through a maze or operating a complex machine) if rewarded for behaviors that are similar to desired behavior AND rewarded for each step of process Practical Applications of Operant Conditioning Gambling—slot machines used variable interval schedules systematic desensitization –Behaviorist Joseph Wolpe teaches people to relax muscles while exposed to incrementally scarier situations if have a phobia Behavior modification (B-mod)—” Extinguish an undesirable behavior (by removing the reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement. It has been used on all sorts of psychological problems -addictions, neuroses, shyness, autism, even schizophrenia -- and works particularly well with children” (Boerce 2006) Boerce, G. PhD. 2006. “Personality Theories. B.F. Skinner” http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html Practical Applications of Operant C0nditioning READING On loose leaf, respond with complete sentences (OR a flow chart for questions 1 and 2): . How might a psychologist use B-mod to help a child stop acting out in class? To help a smoker stop smoking? 2. How might a parent use shaping to help teach a child who is a picky eater to try/like new foods? 3. What is the Token Economy1, where and why is it used, and what is a drawback about it? Social Learning (Observational Learning) Theory Bandura Bandura wanted to know how much social modeling and reinforcement of behaviors affects individual’s behaviors Bobo Doll experiment (see video link to original Bandura experiment) If people see a behavior rewarded, they will replicate it Practical applications? Media, older peers, parents set standards for behavior “Do as I say, not as I do” does NOT work!! “Children see, children do” Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment Video How does environment and status affect people’s behavior?