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Europe map ■ Online game: – http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/European_Geography.htm ANCIENT ROME Rome's Geography ■ Italy is a boot shaped peninsula in the South of Europe. – The Alps mountain form a natural barrier with the rest of Europe – Mountainous. The Apennine mountain cross it from north to south. – Fertile terrain – Mediterranean climate – Capital Rome is located in the middle of the peninsula. Developed around the Tiber river Beginning of civilization in Ancient Rome ■ 3 civilization lived in the Italian Peninsula at the beginning Etruscans, Latins and Greeks. – Etruscans – had military power were good at traders – Latins – dedicated to agriculture and stockbreeding. – Greeks – established colonies and organized into cities. ■ Roman society is the product of the contributions of these 3 civilizations. Governments in Ancient Rome ■ Monarchy ■ Republic ■ Empire Monarchy ■ Government by kings. – Kings received advise, but was not obligated to follow it. ■ In 509 BC. The last King was overthrown and Romans refuse any government where only one person had all the power. – The Republic government started. The Republic When monarchy ended a new government called the Republic started. ■ In a Republic leaders were elected by some citizens. The Republic was led by Patricians man. The Roman divided the people in 2 main classes: ■ Patricians $ – owned the land and occupied government positions. ■ Plebeians – artisans, farmers and merchants. – Could not participate in politics. – The fought for many years in order to achieve more rights. ■ Women were not allowed to participate in government. ■ Slaves were not even consider people but property. Territorial expansion: The Punic Wars ■ Military organization, economic power and a privilege location allowed Rome to conquer many territories. The Punic Wars (3) 1st Punic War – Who? Rome vs. Carthage (north Africa) – Why? Carthage conquered Sicily and Rome a fought to get it back. – Who won? Rome obtain Sicily back and Carthage retreat. 2nd Punic War – Who? Rome vs. Carthage (north Africa) – Why? Hannibal a Carthaginian General attack Rome from the North by crossing the Alps. – Who won? Rome. After a year of war Carthage retreat. 3rd Punic War – Who? Rome vs. Carthage (north Africa) – Why? Rome wanted to finally defeat Carthage. – Who won? Rome. They destroy the cities of Carthage and survivors were taken as slaves. ■ Rome became the only power of the Mediterranean. Critical Period: End of the Republic In the 1st century B.C Rome entered a period of corruption and struggle. A Triumvirate (government of 3 people) was formed to solved the crisis by 3 important influential leaders. – Julius Cesar, Crassus and Pompey ■ When Crassus died Pompey started a civil war against Julius Cesar for power. ■ Julius Cesar won and declared himself dictator and consul of Rome. ■ The Senate did not like Cesar’s new tittle and planned his assassination. ■ After his death 3 of his allies created a second triumvirate to rule Rome. – Mark Anthony, Octavian and Lepidus. Birth of an Empire ■ The second Triumvirate ended just like the first with a civil war between two of it members: Octavian and Mark Anthony. – Octavian won the civil war and became known from then on as Augustus the 1st Roman Emperor of the new government system the Empire. ■ His government started an era of great prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Fall of the Western Roman Empire ■ Between 3rd and 5th century A.D the Empire started to decline with an economic and political crisis. – Emperor Diocletian tried to help the Empire by dividing it into West (Europe) and East (Known as Byzantine Empire). ■ In 476 the last Emperor was dethrone by the Germanic people and the Western Roman Empire lost power while the Byzantine Empire thrived. Germanic people ■ From the north of Europe ■ Started to conquer the South looking for fertile land. ■ To create peace between them and the Roman a treaty called foedus was created. ■ They joined the Army and receive Roman privileges ■ Germanic people were pagan (not Christians) but later adopted Christianity and many things of the Roman culture.