Download Objectives-Digestive System

A & P 242 Digestive System & Metabolism Objectives
1. Identify the organs of the digestive tract. List the functions of the digestive system
2. Describe the structure and the function of the secretions produced by each of the following
digestive organs: salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum), colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid and rectum), liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
3. Describe the structures, functions and histology of the wall of the digestive tract.
4. Describe the stomach and its role in digestion. Describe digestion and absorption in the small
intestine.
5. Describe how food moves through the digestive track including mastication (chewing),
deglutition (swallowing-know all the phases) and peristalsis in the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and colon. Know the significance of segmentation movement and mass
movement and where and when they take place. Explain how a bolus and how chyme is
produced.
6 List and describe the function of the secretions produced in each of these digestive organs:
salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, colon, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
7. Describe how the stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Discuss the role of hydrochloric acid in
digestion.
8 Describe the function, site of production and site of action of each of these digestive hormones
gastrin, secretin, somatostatin, pepsin, pepsinogen, histamine, salivary lipase, lingual lipase,
pancreatic alpha amylase, enterokinase, vasoactie intestinal peptide, carboxypeptidases,
cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory protein.
9. Describe the structures and functions of the large intestine.
10. Describe the digestion and absorption of the substances in food-proteins, fats and
carbohydrates.
11. Describe the absorption of water, vitamins and ions in the digestive tract.
12. Be able to show how neural, hormonal and local controls coordinate the activities of the
digestive system. How is the enteric nervous system involved in this regulation? Where is the
enteric nervous system? What does it consist of?
13. Know the 3 stages of gastric activity regulation-cephalic, gastric and intestinal.
14. Define metabolism. Tell why it is important in cells. What functions does it perform?
15. Define and use correctly the terms anabolism, catabolism, macromolecule, anaerobic &
aerobic pathway.
16. Be able to define carbohydrate. Know what constitutes a carbohydrate. How is energy
obtained from carbohydrates? Where are they stored in the body? What is the relative amount
stored?
17. be able to explain oxidation and reduction and why the two reactions are always coupled.
18. Explain how glycolysis produces metabolic energy. List and describe the reactions in
glycolysis, in correct metabolic order. Note where ATP is consumed and where it is produced.
Note the role of nicotinamide cofactors. What is the net ATP yield? When is glycolysis used to
produce energy for the body?
19. Explain how pyruvate may be converted to acetyl CoA or to lactate. Relate the latter 2
reactions to the regeneration of NAD+ for continued glycolytic functioning.
20. Describe the overall function of the TCA cycle in metabolism. Where does it occur? What is
its relationship to glycolysis and to the electron transport chain? How much ATP is made in the
TCA cycle.
21. What are the functions of NADH & FADH2.
22. Know which steps of the TCA cycle involve release of carbon dioxide, phosphorylation of
GDP to GTP, and REDOX reactions involving flavin or nicotinamide cofactors.
23. Define and use correctly the terms: cellular respiration, substrate level phosphorylation,
proton pump, coenzyme Q, mitochondrial matrix, inner & outer membrane, cytochromes, ATP
synthase, electrochemical potential, proton gradient, chemiosmotic model.
24. Be able to explain the entire energy yield from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
25. Define and use correctly the terms: gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis.
26. Describe the major physiological functions of: gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and
glycogenolysis. List important organs or tissues, and intracellular locations, for each of these
pathways.
27. Describe the structure of glycogen and relate this to the biological advantages of glycogen as
an energy-storage polymer. Explain why this is efficient.
28. Define and use correctly the terms triglycerides, essential FA, lipase, lipogenesis, lipolysis,
beta-oxidation, ketone bodies. Explain why linoleate and linolenate are essential for humans.
29. Describe the biochemistry of the synthesis of fatty acids.
30. Describe the beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Describe how cells break down fatty
acids with an odd number of carbon atoms.
31. Compare and contrast: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL.
32. Define protein and peptide. What are each composed of. Which amino acids are essential?
Why? Compare and contrast proteins use as an energy source when compared to carbohydrates
and lipids.
31. Define and use correctly the terms transamination, oxidative deamination, urea. Explain how
and when they work.
31. Where in the body does the bulk of amino acid metabolism occur? What is an unfortunate
byproduct of protein metabolism? How is it accounted for?
32. Explain how nucleic acids are metabolized and when.
33. Explain post absorptive states and absorptive states. Explain the hormones involved with
each.
34. Explain what happens in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscles during a post
absorptive and an absorptive state.