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Download Ch 25 and 26 Phylogeny and The History of Life on Earth
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Transcript
Phylogenetic Trees and The History of Life on Earth Ch 25 & 26 Phylogeny • The evolutionary history of a species or group by using: – The fossil record – Systematics (morphological and molecular (DNA) analysis) --Continues to change as we learn new info! Homologies • Morphological- comparing body forms of current and extinct organisms • Molecular- comparing DNA; the closer the sequence the more related – Some analogous structures (wings in insect compared to a bat) may have very different molecular origins. The result of convergent evolution. Evaluating Molecular Homologies • The more time that has passed, the more mutations in the DNA sequences of organisms and the less closely related they are. • This can be used as a fairly accurate “molecular clock” since the rate of some gene mutations is constant. Taxonomy • Created by C. Linnaeus • Classifying life based on similarities and differences. • Binomial nomenclature- a two part scientific name of the Genus and species taxa – Ex: Panthera leo and Panthera pardus Heirarchical Classification Phylogenetic Trees • Hypotheses about evolutionary relationships – Each branch point is a divergence from a common ancestor. Cladogram • Clade- within a tree, includes ancestor and all its descendants • Diagram that shows shared characteristics How We Think Life Arose • 1. small organic molecules form • 2. they join into larger molecules like protein and nucleic acid • 3. protobionts are membrane enclosed droplets • 4. self-replicating molecules (RNA) form Experiment • Oparin and Haldane hypothsized early conditions that Miller and Urey tested. Self Replicating RNA • Hypothesized to be the first genetic material. Fossil Record • Relative Dating- youngest on the top Radiometric Dating Create a Time Line of Earth’s History! • Needs to be to scale • Include marks for every .25 billion years • Illustrate and label the following events: Earth forms 4.6 bya Life emerges (prokaryote) 3.8bya Photosynthetic prokaryotes produce O2 2.7 bya Eukayotes appear 2.1 bya Multi cellular organisms 1.2 bya Plants, fungi, animals colonize land .5bya 5 major MASS extinctions!
