Download Oceanography Notes - Intro (Day 1-3)

Oceanography Student Notes – Day 1-3
I.
What is oceanography?
II. Important Historical connections to Oceanography
A. ______________________  South Pacific Immigration (Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga, Fiji)
B. 1st Western Seafarers  Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans
C. 1st Scientists to correctly estimate the Earth’s circumference @ 40,000 km or 24,840 mi Erastosthenes (200 BC)
D. 1st Lines of latitude & longitude Ptolemy (150 AD)
E. Reach the “New World”  ______________________ (900-1000 AD)
F. Chinese sailed to Africa  Ming Dynasty (1405-1433)
G. Europe to tip of Africa  Diaz (1488)
H. Europe to the Carribean (New World)  ______________________ (1492)
I. Sails around from Europe around Africa to India (1488)
J. Sail around the world  Magellan/del Cano (1519-1522)
K. Father of Oceanography  ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ (1850s)
L. Three Scientific Voyages around the world  James Cook (1868-1880)
M. Laboratory at Sea  ______________________ ______________________ /C. Wyville Thompson (1870s)
N. Ecology of the Oceans  Victor Hensen (1887-1889)
O. Polar (North) Oceanography  Fridtjof Nansen (1893)
P. Understanding of Ocean currents, topography & chemistry  Metoer/George Wust (1925)
Q. WWI  German U-boats (1914-1918)
R. ______________________  Submarine & warships (1939-1945)
S. Cold War era  Sea Grant program (1945 – 1975)
T. Large-scale, cooperative effort in academic ocean research  Deep Seas Drilling Project (DSDP) (1963)
III. Oceanography Institutions
A. ______________________ ______________________ (Monaco, near France-Italy border)
B. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UC-San Diego)
C. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (MIT & Harvard -Boston)
D. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia Univ. - New York)
E. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (U of Miami)
F. Ocean Drilling Program (Texas A & M)
IV. Solar System/Earth Beginnings
A. __________ Billion YA  Solar system is a swirling mass of dust
B. __________ BYA  Collisions of Dust & gravity formed early Sun & proto-planets (Earth 1000 times larger than
today), 4 inner planets (Mercury ,Venus ,Earth ,Mars) lost most of the lighter gases (Hydrogen, Helium, etc.)
leaving the “rocky” planets
C. __________– __________BYA  Early Earth Formation  Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core formed
1. ____________________ (4 – 60 km thick)  solid w/ 92 elements
2. ____________________ (2885 km thick)  liquid w/ Fe (iron), Ma (magnesium), silica (silicon & oxygen)
3. ____________________ ____________________ (2270 km thick)  liquid w/ Fe & Ma
4. ____________________ ____________________ (1216 km thick)  solid w/ Fe & Ma
5. No ____________________  Earth’s surface was too hot, Earth’s rotation & orbit was still too unstable, Moon
that was much closer caused huge changes in Earth’s surface
D. 4.5 - 4 BYA  Earth Began to cool w/ little to no atmosphere
1. Intense ____________________ /____________________ Bombardment  brought __________, __________, __________,
__________ gases into the atmosphere
2. Tectonic Plate Movement  created ____________________ that released lava and __________, __________,
__________, __________ into the atmosphere
E. 4 – 3.5 BYA  Meterites/Comets & Volcanoes both contributed to the enough __________ accumulation to form the
early oceans
F. 4 BYA to present  ____________________ and ____________________ of Earth’s rocks with the runoff of minerals to the
oceans lead to the accumulation of “____________________” to create “____________________”
1. ____________________  rain, freeze-thaw cycles, intense heat, movement of Earth plates crushing &
pulverizing rock/soil
2. ____________________  water/glaciers carrying rock material away
3. ____________________  movement of rivers or glaciers to lakes eventually oceans