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Two Types of Evolution Can Occur in a Population: 1. Divergent (______________) Evolution: (also known as ___________ __________________) _____________ species evolves into ___________ different species with different features ( Darwin’s finches) 2. Convergent (coming together) Evolution: _________________ organisms start to look alike or have the same features because they live in the ____________ environment. Ex. A fish and a dolphin (mammal) are unrelated but they both have _______________ bodies and ___________ because they live in water Rates of Evolution _____________________ is the slow change from one form to another. ___________________ __________________ implies long periods of stability without much change and short periods of rapid evolution. This can be due to mass climate change. History of Life Worksheet Chapter 14 Section 14.2 1. The purpose of the netting in Redi’s experiment was to prevent a. maggots from leaving the jar. b. air from leaving the jar. c. adult flies from entering the jar. d. bacteria from entering the jar. 2. In Pasteur’s experiment, the function of the curved neck on the flask was to prevent a. air from entering the body of the flask. b. air from leaving the body of the flask. c. solid particles from entering the body of the flask. d. broth from spilling out of the flask. 3. Label the diagram to show which part of Miller and Urey’s apparatus simulated lightning storms on early Earth, where the amino acids would have been found, and where water was boiled to make water vapor. 4. List the six components of Earth’s early atmosphere. a. b. c. d. e. 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Miller and Urey’s experiments. a. Their purpose was to determine how the first organic molecules evolved. b. The experiment led to the formation of several amino acids. c. They accurately simulated conditions in Earth’s early atmosphere. d. The results were never duplicated by other scientists in their experiments. 6. Researchers using the technique of Miller and Urey have been able to produce a. amino acids and sugars. b. ATP and mitochondria. c. proteins and DNA. d. cells membranes and simple cells. 7. Define Biogenesis 8. Define Spontaneous Generation Answer the following questions: 9. What change occurred in Earth’s atmosphere after the evolution of photosynthesizing prokaryotes (bacteria)? Why? 10. Fill in the steps below to show the evolution of eukaryotic cells using the words below. eukaryotic cell protocell prokaryotic cell 11. What does the endosymbiotic theory propose? 12. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. Reading section 14.2, Origins: the Early Ideas, will help. microorganisms Louis Pasteur non-living matter organisms air S-shaped broth spontaneous generation vital force disprove microscope biogenesis Francesco Redi spontaneously Early scientists believed the life arose from ________________________ through a process they called _____________________________. In 1668, the Italian physician ____________ _______________ conducted an experiment with flies that ______________________ this idea. At about the same time, biologists began to use an important new research tool, the _____________________. They soon discovered the vast world of ______________________. The number and diversity of these organisms was so great that scientists were lead to believe once again that these organisms must have ________________________________ By the mid-1800’s, however________________________ was able to disprove this hypothesis once and for all. He set up an experiment, using flasks with unique __________________ necks. These flasks allowed ________ but no organisms, to come into contact with a broth containing nutrients. If some ________________________ existed, as had been suggested, it would be able to get into the __________________through the open neck of the flask. His experiment proved that organisms arise only from other __________________________. This idea, called ____________________________ , is one of the cornerstones of biology today. Natural Selection Comic Strip Species have the potential to increase in numbers exponentially. I. Populations are genetically variable due to mutations and genetic recombination. (Draw a population of organisms of your choice. For example, I might draw 10 tree frogs. Some of my tree frogs may be bigger than others, due to crossing over, aka genetic recombination, some of my tree frogs will be smaller than others due to genetic recombination, and two of my tree frogs will have a mutation that makes them yellow instead of green.) ***Label the organism with a mutation as “mutated.” II. There is a finite (limited) supply of resources required for life. (Draw the same organisms as above, and add some food or shelter for your population, but the food or shelter should not be enough for all of your organisms. III. Changing environments select for specific genetic phenotypes. (A frog eating owl flies into the area and can see only the green phenotypes, so he eats all of the green frogs. I would show my owl eating the green frogs here.) ***Label the surviving organisms “best fit.” IV. Those organisms with favorable adaptations survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles. (The only frogs left in this slide are yellow. I would now draw baby yellow frogs coming from the two surviving yellow frogs.) ***Label the surviving organisms “surviving phenotype.” V. The accumulation and change in favored alleles leads to changes in species over time. (I would now draw the entire area below full of yellow frogs living happily ever after…until a yellow frog-eating owl moves in…hehehehehe!) Now, summarize your comic by writing a paragraph describing what happened to your population. Use the steps listed above (in bold) to help with your explanation. RELATE the steps to your population though!!! Natural Selection of the Woolybooger NC Essential Standard 3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time Introduction: On a distant planet there exists a creature called a Woolybooger. There are 4 variations in the mouth of the Woolybooger, but all of them eat beans. Some of them have a fork mouth, some a knife mouth, some a clothespin mouth, and random mutation has resulted in a new variation – a spoon mouth. Each of you will play the part of a Woolybooger on this planet. The spoon mouth Woolybooger is rare, so only one of you will have this variation! NOTE: YOU MUST USE YOUR UTENSIL (MOUTH) IN THE WAY INTENDED! Hypothesis: If __________________________________, then______________________________ Materials: Trays, beans, plastic forks, plastic spoons, knives, clothespins Procedure: 1. Spread the beans out on the tray. 2. Take turns so that each person “hunts” for beans. Each person will be timed for exactly 40 seconds, and each Woolybooger should capture as many beans as possible within that 40 seconds. 3. Count the beans captured and record on the data table. Only Woolyboogers that captured at least 10 beans live…the rest die! 4. Repeat the procedure with 30 seconds on the clock, then 20 seconds, and finally 10 seconds. 5. Obtain data from all group members and then answer the analysis questions. Data: Type of Woolybooger Fork Mouth Spoon Mouth Clothespin Mouth Knife Mouth Trial # 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Number of beans captured Analysis: 1. For each step of natural selection, describe how the lab did or did not fit: a. Overpopulation of Offspring ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. Variation Among Offspring (mutation) _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. Competition for Limited Resources __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. Reproduction of Best Fit Organisms _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Imagine that our experiment continued for many, many more generations. Which type (variation) of Woolybooger would you expect to see with the highest frequency? Why? __________________________________________________ 3. Would there be a type of Woolybooger that might no longer be around? Why? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. Draw what that process might look like in the fossil record: a. In the lowest layer, draw each Woolybooger found at your table at the beginning of the experiment. This is the original population. b. In the next level, show ONLY the Woolyboogers that survived trial one. c. In the third level, show ONLY those that survived the second trial. d. In the top level, PREDICT what the Woolyboogers that were present in the third level would look like thousands of years later. To do this you need to THINK about what part of the structure gave them an advantage. Most recent Oldest 5. Below is a DNA fingerprint of the Woolybooger species and two other species that we think may have been the ancestors of the Woolybooger, based on fossil evidence. Which species does the evidence suggest is more closely related to the Woolybooger? How does this evidence show the similarity? Woolybooger Species A Species B Conclusion and Explanation _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ 6. Scientists found a species called the Scoopbug that also picks up its food with a similar shaped mouth (such as the fork mouth, or spoon mouth, or clothespin mouth). HOWEVER, when the scientists examined x-rays of the structure, they found that the internal structure (the arrangement of bones) was very different. Does this evidence suggest that the Woolybooger and the Scoopbug have a common ancestor? Defend your answer. ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 7. Scientists found a fossil with a few similar characteristics when compared to the Woolybooger. Look at the table and use the evidence to decide how this new species might be related to the Woolybooger. Characteristic Woolybooger New Species Mouth shape Fork-like Spork-like Protein (gene) for hemoglobin Arg-Cys-Iso-Try-Leu Arg-Cys-Iso-Glu-Leu Appendix present Yes Yes a. Is the new species related? __________ b. Defend your answer based on the data. _________________________ _________________________________________________________ c. How might this have happened? _______________________________ _________________________________________________________ Modes of Natural Selection Evolution occurs when the _________ ________ (all of the genes of a ________________) changes. A change in _____________ may lead to a change in ______________. Evolution acts on the ______________________. a. ______________________ are random changes in DNA and may lead to a new ________________. For example, a mutation causing white fur in Arctic foxes may lead to better camouflage in winter. Mutations _____________ in _____________ change in _____________ b. The _________________________ also plays a key role in evolution. Environmental changes are natures “_____________________ ____________” that act upon the ___________________ ranges caused by genes. There are three basic patterns by which natural selection occurs: Speciation: Geographic isolation is related to speciation because… EVOLUTION STARTS WITH? 1. E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms 2. A scientific T __ __ __ __ __ is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world. 3. C __ __ __ __ __ __ D __ __ __ __ __ was an English naturalist who made numerous observations during his travels on the Beagle which led him to pose a hypothesis about how life changes over time. 4. F __ __ __ __ __ __ are the preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence for how life has changed over time. 5. J __ __ __ - B __ __ __ __ __ __ __ L __ __ __ __ __ __ proposed that the selective use or disuse of an organ led to a change the organ that was then passed on to the offspring. 6. The S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ F __ __ E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ means that members of each species compete regularly for food and other necessary resources. 7. F __ __ __ __ __ __ is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. 8. The process whereby individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully is called N __ __ __ __ __ __ S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , which Darwin nicknamed S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ O __ T __ __ F __ __ __ __ __ __ 9. The idea that all species- living and extinct - were derived from common ancestors linked by a single “tree of life” = _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10. Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called H __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 11. Homologous structures that are so reduced in size that they no longer function, like the human appendix or legs in skinks, are called _V_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ organs 12. The idea that each living species has descended with changes over time from other species is called D __ __ __ __ __ __ with M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 13. Charles Darwin’s observations of finches and turtles on the G __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Islands led to his Theory of E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 14. A giraffe that stretches its neck longer by reaching for food and then passes this long-necked trait on to offspring is an example of I __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ of A __ __ __ __ __ __ __ traits. 15. Dolphins, penguins, and sharks are distantly-related species that share similar characteristics which help them live in water. This is an example of C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ evolution. 16. Even though the Galapagos finches share a common ancestor, they have evolved to fit the ecosystems of their individual islands. This is an example of D __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ evolution. 17. Another name for divergent evolution is A __ __ __ __ __ __ __ R __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the answer that best completes the statement. A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ________________ A. hypothesis B. theory C. law D. prediction Darwin’s hypothesis about how life changes over time in now called the Theory of _________________. A. Evolution B. Variation C. Derived characters D. Use and disuse In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called _________________ A. fossils B. homologous structures C. adaptations D. vestigial organs On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants _________ A. all looked alike B. varied from island to island C. were acquired through use Which of the following best describes how LAMARCK would explain giraffes with long necks? A. Long-necked giraffes eat more grass than short necked giraffes so their necks grow longer. B. Natural variation in the population produces some longer and some shorter-necked giraffes and longer necked giraffes can reach food more easily. C. Some giraffes have acquired longer necks by stretching to reach food and passed that trait on. D. Giraffes just started out with long necks and haven’t changed. Which of the following ideas, proposed by Lamarck, was later found to be incorrect? A. All species were descended from other species B. Acquired characteristics can be inherited. C. Living things change over time. D. Organisms are adapted to their environments. Evolution MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the ONE BEST answer that completes the statement. Structures that have different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic structure are called _______________ structures. A. Darwinian B. Lamarckian C. homologous D. fossils Because of its similarities to artificial selection, Darwin referred to the “survival of the fittest” as __________________________, A. use it or lose it B. natural selection C. homologous structures D. struggle for existence The idea that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time is called ________________. A. descent with modification B. struggle for existence C. artificial selection D. acquired traits The natural differences between individuals of a species are referred to as________________________ A. fitness B. natural selection C. adaptations D. natural variation An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n) __________________. A. homologous structure B. vestigial organ C. adaptation D. speciation A human appendix, whale hipbones, and a skink’s legs are examples of _________________ A. homologous structures B. embryonic mates C. vestigial organs The bones in the diagram at the left are examples of ____________ A. homologous structures B. embryonic mates C. vestigial organs Which of the following best describes how DARWIN would explain giraffes with long necks? A. Long-necked giraffes eat more grass than short necked giraffes so their necks grow longer. B. Natural variation in the population produces some longer and some shorter-necked giraffes and longer necked giraffes can reach food more easily and survive to pass on their genes. C. Some giraffes have acquired longer necks by stretching to reach food and passed that trait on. D. Giraffes just started out with long necks and haven’t changed. Competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species is called ____________ A. common descent B. artificial selection C. survival of the fittest D. struggle for existence The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called _______________ A. fitness B. common descent C. survival of the fittest D. struggle for existence All of the A. B. C. D. following play a role in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution EXCEPT __________________________ natural variation survival of the fittest struggle for existence inheritance of acquired traits Name 5 kinds of evidence that support Darwin’s theory of Evolution: ________________________________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION AND SELECTION MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle all that are true. There may be MORE THAN ONE right answer. Darwin believed in the idea that evolution happened slowly over a long period of time called __________ A. punctuated equilibrium B. gradualism C. symbiosis D. mass extinction A bell-shaped curve like the one at the left is always seen in when graphing ___________ traits. A. single gene B. polygenic C. evolving D. recessive Which of the following is most likely to have caused the change in the population shown in the graphs at the left? A. a new predator prefers dark-tan crabs B. a new predator prefers light-tan crabs C. a new beach color makes medium-tan crabs the least visible D. a new beach color makes medium-tan crabs the most visible LABEL THE THREE GRAPHS BELOW SHOWING PATTERNS OF SELECTION: A ________________________ B _______________________ C ________________________ MATCH THE GRAPH ABOVE WITH THE POPULATION DESCRIPTION: _____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve higher than that of individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve _____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals in the middle higher than that of individuals at the extreme ends _____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals at the extreme ends higher than that of individuals in the middle _____ Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size. _____ Birds with bigger, thicker beaks can feed more easily on larger, harder seeds. A food shortage causes the supply of small and medium seeds to run low, leaving only larger seeds. Birds with bigger beaks show greater fitness than birds with medium or small beaks. Over time more birds with bigger beaks survive and reproduce. _______ A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds. MATCH THE PATTERN OF MACROEVOLUTION WITH ITS DESCRIPTION You can use them more than once! _____ Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies end appendages for moving in water even though they belong in different classes of animal classes (mammals, birds, fish) A. COEVOLUTION B. ADAPTIVE RADIATION C. MASS EXTINCTION _____ Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see but bees can’t, EQUILIBRIUM and their pollen structure is at just the right height for the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds. D. CONVERGENT EVOLUTON E. PUNCTUATED ____ Horse evolution shows long stable periods of little evolution interrupted by brief periods of rapid change ____ The Galápagos finches evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species with different kinds of beaks ____ At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid hit the Earth causing the loss of many species including the dinosaurs ____ Ostriches are native to the savannahs of Africa, while penguins live in the polar regions. Although ostriches and penguins are closely-related, they look very different. ____ Ostriches and giraffes are both native to the savannahs of Africa. They share the same characteristic of a very long neck. ____ Also called divergent evolution ***Don’t forget to review the experiments on how life began, abiogenesis, biogenesis, etc***