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Study Guide: Semester Test Spring 2014 Biology 1b Pierson Name:__________________________________ 1. _______________________ are the _________________________ living things on Earth. a. Prokaryotes, youngest b. Eukaryotes, oldest c. Prokaryotes, oldest d. Eukaryotes, youngest 2. Archaea are structurally very different from _____________________. a. Bacteria b. Viruses c. Eukaryotes d. they are similar to all of these 3. One square inch or skin is host to __________________ bacteria. a. 1, 000 b. 10, 000 c. 100, 000 d. 5 4. Extra loops of DNA in bacteria are called______________. a. double helix b. ribosomes c. plasmids d. capsids 5. Bacteria….. a. don’t have ribosomes b. have ribosomes 6. Bacteria differ in: a. how they behave in water b. how they obtain sunlight c. how they obtain energy d. how they sing 7. ______________________ are a major component of the plankton that floats in the ocean. a. green algae b. non sulfur bacteria c. cyanobacteria d. purple sulfur 8. The only organisms that can get their energy from inorganic substances are: a. heterotrophs b. photoautotrophs c. chemoautotrophs d. none of these 9. Prokaryotes reproduce by: a. mitosis b. budding c. spontaneous generation d. binary fission 10. Bacteria are able to survive harsh conditions by forming: a. buds b. leaves c. spores d. endospores 11. During _________________ two bacteria exchange genetic material. a. conjugation b. transformation c. transduction d. budding 12. Viruses are __________________. a. considered living because they have the ability to take over a cell. b. not considered living because they do not have the characteristics of living things c. considered living only when they are inside of a cell d. not considered living because they there aren’t any antibiotics for them 13. All viruses have __________________ and a capsid. a. DNA b. RNA c. Nucleic Acid d. a nucleus 14. Viruses that infect bacteria are called: a. phages b. bacteriophages c. temperate d. stupid 15. The two cycles that a virus can use to reproduce are: a. lotic and lentic c. lytic and lysogenic b. lentic and lotic d. lentic and lysogenic 16. Viruses that reproduce using the lytic cycle are called: a. virulent b. temperate c. bateriophages d. stupid 17. When a virus takes over a cell’s DNA it is called a: a. bacteriophage b. virulent virus c. prophage d. provirus 18. ____________are misshapen versions or proteins that are found in the brain. a. viroids b. proviruses c. prophages d. prions 19. Bacteria and viruses have been very important in________________ research. a. animal b. food c. genetic d. algebraic 20. Poisonous chemicals are called: a. perfumes b. solutions c. viroids d. toxins 21. A gene is: a. a unit of heredity b. a chromosome c. a DNA cell d. none of these 22. A chromosome is made up of: a. Calcium and oxygen b. DNA and proteins c. cellular material d. none of these 23. A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic: a. nucleosome b. chromatin c. histone d. gene 24. Reproductive cells required during sexual reproduction: a. Gametes b. Zygotes c. Zygospores d. Angiospores 25. Occurs when a unicellular organism reproduces by splitting in half after replicating its DNA a. budding b. Binary fission c. Fragmentation d. Alternation of generations 26. A form of asexual reproduction in which part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism. a. Budding b. Binary fission c. Fragmentation d. Alternation of generations 27. Part of a multicelluar organism breaks off and starts a new organism. a. Budding b. Binary fission c. Fragmentation d. Alternation of generations 28. Within the life cycle of an organism, the occurrence of two or more distinct forms that differ from each other in method of reproduction. a. Budding b. Binary fission c. Fragmentation d. Alternation of generations 29. Which of the following is not one of the ways to group protists: a. Plant-like b. Animal-like c. Algae-like d. Funguslike 30. Extension of cell that functions in food ingestion and movement. a. Pseudopodia b. Cilia c. Flagella d. Sporangium 31. The most harmful animal-like protists are the: a. Ciliates b. Flagellates c. Sporozoans d. Euglenoids 32. Which of the following is not a plant-like protest: a. Euglenoids b. Brown algae c. Red algae d. Blue algae 33. Which of the following is a funguslike protist: a. Brown algae b. Red Algae c. Slime mold d. Flagellate Matching. A B. C. D. E. F. G. H. System for giving each organism a 2-word scientific name. A taxon used to group similar objects. Systems that attempt provide consistent ways to name organisms. The practice of naming and classifying organisms. Organisms are grouped at successive levels of a hierarchy based on similarities. The ancestral relationship between species. Used to select the most likely phylogeny among a given set of organisms. A method of analysis that infers phylogenies by careful comparisons. 34._____ Cladistics 35._____ Phylogeny 36._____ Cladistic analysis 37._____Taxonomy 38._____ Taxonomic systems 39._____ Genus 40._____ Binomial nomenclature 41._____ Linnaean system 1. Dominant 2. Recessive 3. Allele 4. Mendelian theory of heredity 5. the law of segregation 6. Phenotype 7. Genotype 8. Homozygous 9. Dihybrid cross 10. Heterozygous 42. ______________________________ explains simple patterns of inheritance. In these patterns, two of several versions of a gene combine and result in one of several possible traits. 43. An___________is a version of a gene. 44. A ___________________ allele is an allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual. 45. A _________________ allele is an allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele is present for an individual. 46. In modern terms, __________________________________holds that when an organism produces gametes, each pair of alleles is separated and each gamete has an equal chance of receiving either one of the alleles. 47. ________________ is the set of alleles that an individual has for a character 48. ________________ is the trait that results from a set of alleles 49. _________________ describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes. 50. _________________ describes an individual that carries two different alleles of a gene. 51. A_____________________ involves to characters, such as seed color and seed shape. Circle the most correct answer for the following. 52. Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals? a. Multicellular b. Heterotrophic c. Have vertebrae d. Cells lack cell walls 53. Which type of skeleton uses water pressure to provide support? a. Spicules b. Exoskeleton c. Endoskeleton d. Hydrostatic skeleton 54. Which body system coordinates responses and behavior? a. Nervous system b. Digestive system c. Circulatory system d. Respiratory system 55. Which of the following is a group of cells that have the same structure and that work together to perform a specific function? a. Tissue b. Organ c. Ganglion d. Organ system 56. Skeletal systems provide all of the following except: a. Absorption of nutrients from food b. Protection for an animals soft parts c. A framework for supporting the body d. A framework for muscles to pull against 57. Where does gas exchange take place in many aquatic phyla? a. Gut b. Gills c. Lungs d. Kidneys 1. algal bloom 2. alternation of generations 3. gamete 4. hypha 5. lichen 6. mycelium 7. plasmodium 8. pseudopodium 9. ascus 10. basidium 11. chitin 12. dermatophyte 13. mycorrhiza 14. rhizoid 15. saprobe 16. zygosporangium 17. zygospore 18. zygote Match the vocabulary word from above to its correct definition below. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. _____a carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi and other organisms. _____an organism that absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying organisms. _____a filament of a fungus _____a rootlike structure that holds fungi in place and absorbs nutrients _____the mass of fungal filaments that forms the fungal body _____a sexual structure that contains zygotes. _____the microscopic structure that produces spores in sac fungi _____the microscopic structure that produces spores in club fungi _____a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots. _____a fungus is a symbiotic association with a photosynthetic partner _____a fungus that infects the skin, hair, or nails _____the cell that results from the fusion of gametes _____a haploid reproductive cell the unites with another to form a zygote _____the occurrence of two or more distinct forms the differ from each other in method of reproduction _____a cytoplasmic extension that functions in food ingestion and movement _____the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and that moves as a mass _____a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic ecosystem _____a thick-walled protective structure that contains a zygote 1. Draw a Punnett square for a crossing of two heterozygous parents. Fill in the Punnett square accordingly. Use H as the dominant allele and h as the recessive allele. (6 points)