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Bedford Institute of Oceanogeaphy I'Institut oceanographique de Bedford Dartmouth/Nova Scotia/Canada SOME ASPECTS OF THE CANADIAN ACTIVITY IN MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH AND MONITORING E.M. LEVY REPORT SERIES/BI-R-76-9/SEPTEMBER 1976 DFO - LibriniBibliotheque i 111 10034803 1c /A I /' //A 4 = tr Nr, '40 t , The Bedford Institute of Oceanography is a Government of Canada establishment whose staff , undertake scientific research and surveys in the marine environment. It consists of three main 'units: (1) the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, which' is part of Fisheries and Marine Service, Deportment of the Environment, (2) the Marine Ecology Laboratory, also of Fisheries and Marine Service, Department of the Environment, i•P;- and (3) the Atlantic Geoscience Centre of the Geological Survey of Canada, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. L'Institut oceanographique de Bedford est un itablissement du gouvernement du Canada, dont le personnel entreprend des travaux de recherche scientifique et des etudes se rapportant au marin.' II comprencl trois services ' principaux: (1) le Laboratoire oceanographique de l'Atlantique,-qui fait pantie du Service des peches et des sciences de Ia mer du ministire de l'EnVironnement, (2) le Laboratoire d'ecologie marine, qui_ relive egalement du Service despeches,et. dei sciences de Ia mer du ministers de l'Environnem-ent, et (3) le Centre geoscientifique de l'Atiantique de la Commission'geologique du Canada; ministere de'l'Energie,- des Mines et des Ressources:' BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Canada SOME ASPECTS OF THE CANADIAN ACTIVITY IN MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH AND MONITORING by E.M. LEVY Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory Ocean and Aquatic Sciences Department of the Environment SEPTEMBER 1976 REPORT SERIES BI-R-76-9 ABSTRACT This report presents a brief overview of current Canadian programs in marine pollution research and monitoring. SOMMAIRE Le rapport donne un apergu des programmes canadiens actuels de recherche et de controle de la pollution marine. ii LIST OF CONTENTS Page Abstract Foreword iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Canadian Program 1 2.1 Atlantic Region Programs 2 2.1.1 Oceanographic Studies 2 2.1.2 Ecological Studies 3 2.2 Pacific Region Programs 4 2.2.1 Oceanographic Studies ii 2.2.2 Ecological Studies 5 2.3 Arctic Region Programs 6 2.4 Ocean Dumping 7 2.5 Other Programs 7 2.6 Resources 8 3. Concluding Remarks 8 4. Acknowledgements 8 5. Sources of Information 8 iii FOREWORD This report attempts to summarize marine pollution research and monitoring activities in Canada to 1976 and was prepared for presentation at the Seventh Executive Council of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Bergen, Norway, June 21-26, 1976. In order to prepare an up-to-minute overview of Canadian activity in marine pollution studies, a preliminary draft, prepared on the basis of information given in the reports published by the various Canadian laboratories, was circulated to scientists in the major laboratories with a request for suggestions, criticisms and contributions. Their responses were most gratifying and the final version is, to a large extent, an outcome of their contributions. Although a concerted effort was made to prepare a balanced summary of Canadian programs, the author is more familiar with work being carried out on the Canadian east coast and, as a result, the discussion may inadvertently be somewhat biased in this direction. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this report may prove informative to both scientists and administrators who require a general introduction to the work being carried out in Canada in marine pollution research and monitoring. 1. INTRODUCTION During the past decade Man has gradually realized that the world ocean does not have an infinite capacity to assimilate, in unlimited variety and quantity, the wastes of modern civilization. This fact has been brought into focus by several local and regional incidents, examples of which include the Minamata mercury problem, oil spills from supertankers such as the Torrey Canyon and recently the Urquiola in Spain, and the severe coastal sewage pollution that exists in many areas of the world. The global aspect of marine pollution is perhaps best illustrated by the presence of pesticide residues in marine organisms remote from the sites of continental injection and by the occurrence of floating petroleum residues over great expanses of the open ocean. Since marine pollution is neither caused by nor under the control of any individual nation and because it does not respect national boundaries, it is a very complex international scientific problem with important political, legal and economic implications. For these reasons and because of practical considerations, global marine pollution is perhaps best investigated through the cooperative efforts of the international scientific community. Accordingly, it was recommended by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 that the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission "in co-operation with other interested UN bodies, promote the monitoring of marine pollution, preferably within the framework of IGOSS and develop methods for monitoring high priority marine pollutants in water, sediments and organisms, with advice from GESAMP on intercomparability of methodologies." Since then the IOC has become involved with the Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) and through IGOSS has been actively promoting marine pollution monitoring programs, first through the IOC/WMO Pilot Project on Marine Pollution Monitoring which has been in operation for over a year, then the IOC/WMO/UNEP Project on Pollution in the Mediterranean, and more recently the proposed program for Monitoring Background Levels of Selected Pollutants in Open Ocean Waters. The philosophy of these international programs is to generate a picture of marine pollution on a regional or global scale through contributions by participating countries from their individual national programs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Canadian activity in marine pollution research and monitoring. 2. CANADIAN PROGRAM The Canadian program in marine pollution research and monitoring encompasses a broad spectrum of more or less independent investigations in chemical oceanography, marine environmental quality, and effects of pollutants on fisheries and fish products. These studies are conducted by a number of government and university laboratories on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada (Fig. 1). Most of these laboratories are under the auspices of the Federal Department of the Environment. The Ocean and Aquatic Science Sector of the Fisheries and Marine Service is responsible for most of the physical and chemical oceanographic programs, and these are carried out primarily by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Marine Ecology Laboratories at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S., and at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, 2 B.C. The Fisheries Management Sector of the Fisheries and Marine Service conducts studies pertaining more directly to the fisheries resource and to product quality in laboratories at St. John's, Nfld., Halifax, N.S., St. Andrews, N.B., St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., and Vancouver, B.C. In addition, the Environmental Protection Service has the responsibility of developing and enforcing environmental legislation and, to this end, operates a network of regional laboratories that carry out analyses for water quality and for a variety of contaminants in both marine and fresh water environments. The Department of Energy, Mines and Resources maintains an Environmental Marine Geology group at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre in Dartmouth, N.S. The Atlantic Regional Laboratory of the National Research Council in Halifax, N.S., is now in the process of establishing a centre for intercalibrations and reference materials for marine chemistry. University programs are primarily associated with the Institutes of Oceanography at Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., the Universit6 du Quebec a Rimouski, Que., and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., although many other chemistry, biology, and engineering departments are carrying out pollutionrelated studies. Some degree of coordination of these programs is provided by the Canadian Committee on Oceanography and its Atlantic and Pacific regional subcommittees. 2.1 Atlantic Region Programs 2.1.1 Oceanographic Studies In the Atlantic region there is a wide range of open ocean and coastal pollution programs. In the open ocean, the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory plays a lead role with investigations of both organic and inorganic contaminants. A major part of this program has been a study of the occurrence and distribution of petroleum residues in the open North Atlantic and includes the study of both floating particulate material, popularly known as 'tar balls,' and dissolved/ dispersed material throughout the water column Tar ball concentrations have been found to be very closely related to the surface circulation in the North Atlantic with highest concentrations in the Sargasso Sea and the virtual absence of tar north of the North Atlantic Current. Concentrations of dissolved materials are generally less than 1 pg/t. In addition, AOL has been active in the IGOSS Pilot Project through field measurements and observations of slicks and through participation in the IOC/WMO Group of Experts on Marine Pollution Monitoring. Another oceanic project is the measurement of baseline levels of trace metals in the North Atlantic. Concentrations of many trace metals are near the present limits of detection using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the difficulties of collecting uncontaminated samples and analyzing for trace metals have been widely recognized. Canadian laboratories on both coasts are participating in the ICES Intercalibration Experiment. The Environmental Marine Geology group of the Atlantic Geoscience Centre in cooperation with the Marine Ecology Laboratory has investigated the concentration and distribution of total dissolved mercury in sea water from the North Atlantic. Coastal studies of mercury have been carried out by AOL and MEL in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord. Considerably greater attention is devoted to the Atlantic coastal environment than to the open Atlantic. Much of this is focussed on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, specifically to determine the inputs of man-derived substances and 3 their effects on this body of water. Oil pollution has been monitored there on an annual or more frequent basis since 1970, with measurements of both floating tar and material dispersed in the water column. Concentrations are generally less than 5 ppb and seem to be closely related to the flow of water into and out of the region with the anticipated effects of inputs from shipping and other human activity superimposed. There has been no evidence of a marked increase or decrease during the course of this study. In addition, several spill incidents in the area have been studied and samples of beached oil fingerprinted for comparison with potential sources. The impact of land-derived plant material to the Gulf of St. Lawrence was investigated using lignin, a constituent of terrestrial plants, as an indicator. The only areas where land-derived plant matter constituted an appreciable fraction of the total organic carbon was in the vicinities of pulp and paper mills. Similarly, trace metal studies suggest that the effects of land-derived inorganic substances to the Gulf of St. Lawrence are only noticeable in nearshore areas that receive significant surface runoff from the land. All these studies indicate that, from a marine pollution point of view, the Gulf of St. Lawrence is an extension of the North Atlantic coastal waters rather than a unique inland sea as was once the generally-held view. 2.1.2 Ecological Studies The Marine Ecology Laboratory is carrying out studies to assess the long-term effects of pollutants on the general health and productivity of marine ecosystems in the Atlantic region. This includes identifying those pollutants which may constitute a significant hazard, the concentrations that may be tolerated safely, the organisms and biological processes most suitable for studying potential long-term effects and the capacities of marine ecosystems to react to and assimilate specific pollutants without undergoing irreparable damage. MEL also carried out a study of the temporal and spatial variations of total hydrocarbon concentrations between Nova Scotia and Bermuda and found concentrations in the range of a few parts per billion. Several nearshore areas, some of which indicated definite petroleum contamination, were also studied. Studies of the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of phytoplankton indicate that the low levels of these substances in the sea water of Atlantic Canada are not adversely affecting phytoplankton growth. Similarly, these concentrations appear to be below those that affect the respiration, filtering, and crawling rates of marine invertebrates. Ecological studies of the effects of the spill of Bunker C fuel oil from the tanker Arrow incident in Chedabucto Bay, N.S., in 1970 have continued with emphasis on the effects of the oil on clams, seaweed, and marsh grass. Chemical analyses indicate that intertidal and subtidal organisms in some regions of the Bay are heavily contaminated with oil and photographic records show little or no change in shoreline fouling in some areas during the six years following the spill. The Marine Ecology Laboratory also carries out studies on the distribution of organochlorines, mainly total DDT and PCBs, in a wide variety of marine organisms, ranging from phytoplankton in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to seals and whales from the Canadian Arctic. In addition, laboratory studies of the rates of uptake and clearance of DDT and PCBs by selected marine organisms have been carried out, and the course and rates of metabolism of specific DDT 11- cyclodiene insecticides and of PCBs have been studied. The laboratory has also participated in the ICES North Atlantic Intercalibration Project for Organochlorines. The Fisheries Management Sector of the Fisheries and Marine Service operates laboratories in the Atlantic region at St. John's, Halifax and St. Andrews. At the St. John's Biological Station, Nfld., studies have been focussed on the effect of oil pollution on fisheries. The hatching of capelin eggs was greatly reduced by oil/water ratios of 0.05 and lower, concentrations which might easily be reached at their spawning sites on beaches. A number of commercial species demonstrated the ability to metabolize polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. At the St. Andrews Biological Station, N.B., the toxicity of thallium to Atlantic salmon was investigated and herring were analyzed for PCB, DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin as part of the OECD Toxic Chemicals in the Environment program. The toxicity to lobsters of phosphamidon, an organophosphate insecticide used in forest spraying, and that of copper were also studied. The Halifax Laboratory carries out studies on a variety of marine pollution-related problems which range from the identification and quantification of toxic elemental chemical species, pesticides, and industrials such as PCBs through monitoring work with ICES to the biochemical effects of pollutants on reproduction and well-being in fish and shellfish. It is also involved in association with the Department of National Health and Welfare in an assessment of the potential dangers of such materials to man and his use of fish as food. The associated Fish Inspection Laboratory is concerned primarily with the quality of fish products for human use and monitors products for potentially hazardous substances including lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticide residues. Memorial University of Newfoundland is in the process of establishing baseline levels of pollutants in unpolluted coastal areas and assessing the extent of pollution in some contaminated areas. In particular, potential pollutants originating from the elemental phosphorus plant at Long Harbour have been studied and their distribution in the environment established. 2.2 Pacific Region Programs 2.2.1 Oceanographic Studies The bulk of marine pollution work on the Pacific coast of Canada is conducted at the Institute of Ocean Science at Patricia Bay, B.C. Included are studies of the occurrence, pathways, and degradation of hydrocarbons in the marine environent, carbon dioxide, trace metals in sea water, and controlled environment experiments. Much of this work has been conducted at Ocean Station P (58°N, 145°W) on a long-term basis and, more recently, in the Beaufort Sea. The distribution of tar in the North Pacific was studied along a transect between Japan and British Columbia and supplemented by data from plankton collections at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and recently-published Japanese data. Heavy concentrations of tar were found in the Kuroshio Current in the western North Pacific, while the northern and eastern regions were relatively clean. This finding is consistent with the distribution in the North Atlantic, where the highest concentrations were associated with the subtropical gyre. Regular surface tows were also made between Victoria and Ocean Weather Station P. Dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons were studied by high speed liquid chromatography 5 with fluorescence at Station P, along line P, in British Columbia coastal waters and in the Beaufort Sea. Concentrations were generally less than 1 ppb. Ocean Chemistry Division has shipboard and shore clean laboratories for low-level studies of hydrocarbons in sea water, marine biota and sediments. These are analyzed using HPLC-FS, GC/MS and GC. Low molecular weight gaseous hydrocarbons are studied using the Swinnerton GC technique. Work on the CO2 problem has been included on long-term studies of CO2 to measure its increase in marine air, air-sea CO2 exchange, carbonate chemistry in the surface sea water, and also radiocarbon studies of CO2 exchange rate. Weekly samples are taken at Station P, which is the only fully marine CO2 station in the world, for atmospheric CO2, surface alkalinity, total CO2 and surface radiocarbon as well as shipboard infrared measurements of CO2 and pCO2 in the atmosphere. Controlled environment experiments have been used to study the effect of biological factors in the carbon dioxide cycle, air-sea exchange of CO2, and changing chemistry of the carbonate system. 2.2.2 Ecological Studies Studies using clean laboratory techniques have been carried out by the Institute of Ocean Science to assess the natural and anthropogenic inputs of physiologically significant metals into the marine environment. Mercury in Saanich Inlet and in Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Ocean waters is being studied by an ultraviolet spectrometric method, while lead is being determined by flameless atomic absorption and mass spectrometry. Other contaminant levels such as Cd, Cu, and Zn in the Strait of Georgia waters have been studied using anodic stripping voltametry. This laboratory also participated in the IDOE intercalibration and demonstrated a good capability to detect low levels of lead in sea water. The Institute is participating in the Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment (CEPEX), an international cooperative program under the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, to study the effects of pollutants on mixed trophic levels of planktonic organisms. Emphasis is being placed on lead, cadmium, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide. Biological studies have included continued culture experiments to assemble data for the construction of a mathematical model, including light, temperature, and nutrients as determinants, to predict conditions for the maximization of primary and secondary production. The Pacific Environment Institute carries out an active program of laboratory and field investigations of the effects of pollutants and other manmade changes on aquatic organisms and ecosystems, particularly those related to the protection of the aquatic renewable resources of the Pacific region of Canada. Pulp mills are a major industry on Canada's Pacific coast and there has been a long history of research dealing with pollution problems from this industry, including physical and chemical oceanography aspects. The sublethal effects of pulp mill effluents on fish and shellfish are being studied and include the swimming stamina, metabolic rates, circulatory and ventilatory responses, avoidance behaviour and blood chemistry of salmon. Ecological studies on plankton and benthos are carried out in estuarine environments and include the effects of pulp mills on phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Phytoplankton production was reduced near one pulp mill to one-eighth of the normal production for that area. Studies on axenic cultures of phytoplankton have been carried out to test the effects of kraft pulp mill effluent and boron, a constituent now released by a brightening process used for ground wood. 6 The Pollutant Chemistry Section has been involved with studies of resin acids and other persistent organic substances from pulp mills in both fresh and marine waters, both as related to direct toxicity to organisms and tainting. Inorganic studies have included mercury in fjord sediments near a chlor -alkali plant using a mercury cell, and fluoride distribution in an inlet receiving wastes from an aluminum plant. The uptake and elimination of mercury by an edible crab and the transport of mercury across the skin tissue of rainbow trout have been investigated. Ecological studies are underway at the Pacific Environment Institute on the effects of coastal developments, such as coal ports and airport expansion on river deltas. The disruption of the food chains leading to juvenile Pacific salmon which use estuaries as nursery grounds for part of their life cycle has been clearly demonstrated in certain dredging and filling activities already carried out in the Squamish and Fraser River estuaries. Some of the effects on benthos from ocean dumping are now being investigated, particularly behavioural effects on benthic organisms by certain types of materials present in wastes dumped at sea. Because of the concern about the ecological disruption of estuaries on the Pacific coast of Canada, reviews have been undertaken by the Estuary Working Group of Environment Canada's Regional Board, Pacific region, on 18 estuaries considered critical from the point of view of threat of development and protection of living resources. Reports have been published on five of these estuaries (Fraser, Squamish, Skeena, Cowichan and Chemainus Rivers) so far, taking into account all environmental aspects. 2.3 Arctic Region Programs In 1974-75, a large portion of the effort at the Institute of Ocean Sciences was devoted to the Beaufort Sea Project. This consisted of 32 individual projects coordinated by the Department of the Environment and funded jointly with the petroleum industry. The southern Beaufort and Mackenzie Delta has reserves estimated at 6x109 barrels of oil and 94x1012 ft3 of natural gas but the region is covered by 2-metre thick ice during nine months of the year. Consequently, the Canadian Government in 1973 decided to withhold permits for offshore drilling until environmental studies had been undertaken so that the environmental hazard of drilling in the area could be assessed. With baseline data acquired before drilling operations commenced, subsequent monitoring programs should detect future environmental changes. These studies were directed towards the environmental damage that would ensue in the event of a blow-out. The effects of an oil spill on Arctic marine food chains, fisheries, marine mammals and birds, and possibly on climate were studied as were the behaviour of oil in sea ice and its transport by currents, winds and ice movement. Safety precautions necessary to minimize the hazard of drilling and contingency plans to deal with oil spills, whether from blow-out or transportation mishap, were investigated. In addition, oceanographic studies of current, tides, circulation and storm surges, climatological studies of waves, ice, etc., geological studies of the seabed, bottom scour by ice, sediments and sedimentary processes, and the behaviour of oil in Arctic Sea ice were carried out. Baseline studies of pollutants, primarily the distribution of tar and other particulate pollutants along the Beaufort Sea coast, indicated that the region is an as yet uncontaminated environment. 7 Other studies, carried out as part of the Beaufort Sea Project by the Arctic Biological Station, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., included the role of bacteria in Arctic seas; the temperature and salinity tolerances of marine invertebrates and their reactions to pollution by crude oil; the effects of offshore drilling on the distribution and movements of white whales; and the distribution and abundance of marine and anadromous fishes in the fluctuating estuarine conditions of the southwestern Beaufort Sea. In the eastern Arctic, the Department of the Environment sponsored an impact assessment in Strathcona Sound where a lead-zinc mine is being constructed. These studies were made to determine the potential effect of mine discharge waters on the Arctic marine ecology. Farther south, an important study was carried out in James Bay in an attempt to predict the effects of altering the fresh water flow into the Bay as a consequence of a major hydroelectric development in northern Quebec. 2.4 Ocean Dumping_ Ocean and Aquatic Sciences has also played an important role in preparing the Canadian Ocean Dumping Legislation which came into force in 1975. It has the responsibility for all research and monitoring programs associated with this legislation. For example, a study was made of the dispersion of dumped dredge spoils at a site off the British Columbia coast and the effect the dumped materials had on the ambient concentrations of trace metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn). As a result of this field study, a modified elutriate test was devised and it would appear that this will provide adequate information to assess the potential impact of an individual dredge spoil. In addition, Ocean and Aquatic Sciences assists in providing, through Regional Ocean Dumping Advisory Committees in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic regions, the scientific examination required of every application to dump substances into the sea and on which the decision to issue or refuse a permit is made. 2.5 Other Programs In addition to the marine programs, a great deal of effort in Canada is devoted to studies of pollution in the fresh water environment. Notable amongst these are the studies of pollution conducted by the Canada Centre for Inland Waters at Burlington, Ontario, and the Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, and the studies of the St. Lawrence River and Estuary by the Centre de Recherches sur l'Eau (CENTREAU) of Laval University, Quebec, the Groupe Interuniversitaire de Recherches Oceanographiques du Quebec (GIROQ), McGill University, Montreal, Que., and the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S. There are also extensive studies of water quality and toxicity of pollutants to aquatic organisms by the Biological Station at St. Andrews, N.B., the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., and particularly by the Environmental Protection Service. Although these programs have some relevance to the marine pollution question, they do not actually fall within the context of marine pollution research or monitoring, and will not be'discussed further. 8 2.6 Resources To put the foregoing account of Canadian effort into marine pollution research and monitoring into perspective, it is estimated that approximately 150 man-years, of which about 30 are professional scientists, are involved. It is further estimated that these investigations receive funding to the extent of about $2.5x106 annually. The Beaufort Sea Project was a special study and additional resources were made available for this purpose. 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS In concluding, one other aspect of the Canadian activity in marine pollution monitoring and research deserves mention. Canadian scientists have participated in most, if not all, international programs pertaining to marine pollution research and monitoring. Included are the many and varied projects being carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization, United Nations Environmental Program, and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea as well as their subsidiary bodies. It is hoped that the efforts of these scientists constitute a valuable contribution to the international scientific community and ultimately to the well-being of the marine environment and to the benefit of humanity as a whole. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to R.F. Addison, N.J. Campbell, D.C. Gordon, G. Holland, J.R. Marier, P.W. Nasmyth, J.F. Uthe, M. Waldichuk, A. Walton, C.S. Wong, and V. Zitko who reviewed the first draft and contributed to the revised version by supplying information or written paragraphs describing their current programs. Without their help this report would not have been possible. 5. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Annual Report of the Pacific Environment Institute, West Vancouver, B.C., 1974. Balch, A., Marine Science Activity in Canada, 1974. Canadian Committee on Oceanography, Ottawa, December 1975. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Biennial Review 1973/74. CENTREAU Progress Reports. Environment Canada: Annual Report 1974-75. Information Canada Cat. No. Env-1975, Ottawa, 1975. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay: Annual Report 1974, March 1975. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay: Annual Report 1975, March 1976. 9 Lauzier, L.M., Oceanography in Canada 1971-1974. Canadian Committee on Oceanography, Ottawa, July 1975. Newfoundland Biological Station, St. John's, Newfoundland, Annual Report 1973. St. Andrews, N.B., Biological Station: Annual Report 1974. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: Identification and Control of Pollutants of Broad International Significance (Subject Area III), A/CONF. 48/8, 7 January 1972. Zitko, V., Effects of pollutants on marine life. A review of research in Canada in 1973-1974. Manuscript Report 1324, 1974. Zitko, V., Effects of pollutants on marine life. A review of research in Canada in 1974-1975. Manuscript Report 1361, 1975. BEAUFORT SEA El t. q8 I-6 P O clCD F-4 0 it/ 0 O Cfl H I—, O It E-h. '3 0 g p PJ H. F OF ST L RENCE g 1 laboratoriesconductingstudies in ck , 1 PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTE ST JOHN'S S ANNE DE BELLEV INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCE .40 ST ANDRE *` 8/ 0 -qql HA IFAX c=:7 . ..f> . AOL MEL AGC EPS 14 Environment Canada Environnement Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Ministere de I'Energie, des Mines et des Ressources