Download 4 Bedford Institute of Oceanogeaphy I`Institut oceanographique de

Bedford Institute of Oceanogeaphy
I'Institut oceanographique de Bedford
Dartmouth/Nova Scotia/Canada
SOME ASPECTS OF THE CANADIAN ACTIVITY IN MARINE
POLLUTION RESEARCH AND MONITORING
E.M. LEVY
REPORT SERIES/BI-R-76-9/SEPTEMBER 1976
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, The Bedford Institute of Oceanography is a
Government of Canada establishment whose staff
, undertake scientific research and surveys in the
marine environment. It consists of three main
'units: (1) the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory,
which' is part of Fisheries and Marine Service,
Deportment of the Environment, (2) the Marine
Ecology Laboratory, also of Fisheries and
Marine Service, Department of the Environment,
i•P;- and (3) the Atlantic Geoscience Centre of the
Geological Survey of Canada, Department of
Energy, Mines and Resources.
L'Institut oceanographique de Bedford est un
itablissement du gouvernement du Canada, dont
le personnel entreprend des travaux de recherche
scientifique et des etudes se rapportant au
marin.' II comprencl trois services '
principaux: (1) le Laboratoire oceanographique
de l'Atlantique,-qui fait pantie du Service des
peches et des sciences de Ia mer du ministire
de l'EnVironnement, (2) le Laboratoire d'ecologie
marine, qui_ relive egalement du Service despeches,et. dei sciences de Ia mer du ministers
de l'Environnem-ent, et (3) le Centre geoscientifique
de l'Atiantique de la Commission'geologique du
Canada; ministere de'l'Energie,- des Mines et des
Ressources:'
BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Canada
SOME ASPECTS OF THE CANADIAN ACTIVITY
IN MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH AND MONITORING
by
E.M. LEVY
Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory
Ocean and Aquatic Sciences
Department of the Environment
SEPTEMBER 1976
REPORT SERIES
BI-R-76-9
ABSTRACT
This report presents a brief overview of current Canadian programs in
marine pollution research and monitoring.
SOMMAIRE
Le rapport donne un apergu des programmes canadiens actuels de recherche
et de controle de la pollution marine.
ii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
Foreword
iii
1.
Introduction
1
2.
Canadian Program
1
2.1
Atlantic Region Programs
2
2.1.1
Oceanographic Studies
2
2.1.2
Ecological Studies
3
2.2
Pacific Region Programs
4
2.2.1
Oceanographic Studies
ii
2.2.2
Ecological Studies
5
2.3
Arctic Region Programs
6
2.4
Ocean Dumping
7
2.5
Other Programs
7
2.6
Resources
8
3.
Concluding Remarks
8
4.
Acknowledgements
8
5.
Sources of Information
8
iii
FOREWORD
This report attempts to summarize marine pollution research and monitoring activities in Canada to 1976 and was prepared for presentation at the
Seventh Executive Council of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,
Bergen, Norway, June 21-26, 1976.
In order to prepare an up-to-minute overview of Canadian activity in
marine pollution studies, a preliminary draft, prepared on the basis of information given in the reports published by the various Canadian laboratories, was
circulated to scientists in the major laboratories with a request for suggestions,
criticisms and contributions. Their responses were most gratifying and the final
version is, to a large extent, an outcome of their contributions. Although a
concerted effort was made to prepare a balanced summary of Canadian programs,
the author is more familiar with work being carried out on the Canadian east
coast and, as a result, the discussion may inadvertently be somewhat biased in
this direction. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this report may prove informative
to both scientists and administrators who require a general introduction to the
work being carried out in Canada in marine pollution research and monitoring.
1.
INTRODUCTION
During the past decade Man has gradually realized that the world ocean
does not have an infinite capacity to assimilate, in unlimited variety and
quantity, the wastes of modern civilization. This fact has been brought into
focus by several local and regional incidents, examples of which include the
Minamata mercury problem, oil spills from supertankers such as the Torrey Canyon
and recently the Urquiola in Spain, and the severe coastal sewage pollution that
exists in many areas of the world. The global aspect of marine pollution is
perhaps best illustrated by the presence of pesticide residues in marine organisms remote from the sites of continental injection and by the occurrence of
floating petroleum residues over great expanses of the open ocean.
Since marine pollution is neither caused by nor under the control of
any individual nation and because it does not respect national boundaries, it is
a very complex international scientific problem with important political, legal
and economic implications. For these reasons and because of practical considerations, global marine pollution is perhaps best investigated through the cooperative efforts of the international scientific community. Accordingly, it
was recommended by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in
Stockholm in 1972 that the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
"in co-operation with other interested UN bodies, promote the
monitoring of marine pollution, preferably within the framework
of IGOSS and develop methods for monitoring high priority marine
pollutants in water, sediments and organisms, with advice from
GESAMP on intercomparability of methodologies."
Since then the IOC has become involved with the Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) and through IGOSS has been actively
promoting marine pollution monitoring programs, first through the IOC/WMO Pilot
Project on Marine Pollution Monitoring which has been in operation for over a
year, then the IOC/WMO/UNEP Project on Pollution in the Mediterranean, and more
recently the proposed program for Monitoring Background Levels of Selected
Pollutants in Open Ocean Waters. The philosophy of these international programs
is to generate a picture of marine pollution on a regional or global scale
through contributions by participating countries from their individual national
programs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Canadian
activity in marine pollution research and monitoring.
2.
CANADIAN PROGRAM
The Canadian program in marine pollution research and monitoring encompasses a broad spectrum of more or less independent investigations in chemical
oceanography, marine environmental quality, and effects of pollutants on fisheries and fish products. These studies are conducted by a number of government
and university laboratories on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada
(Fig. 1). Most of these laboratories are under the auspices of the Federal
Department of the Environment. The Ocean and Aquatic Science Sector of the
Fisheries and Marine Service is responsible for most of the physical and chemical
oceanographic programs, and these are carried out primarily by the Atlantic
Oceanographic and Marine Ecology Laboratories at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S., and at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay,
2
B.C. The Fisheries Management Sector of the Fisheries and Marine Service conducts studies pertaining more directly to the fisheries resource and to product
quality in laboratories at St. John's, Nfld., Halifax, N.S., St. Andrews, N.B.,
St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., and Vancouver, B.C. In addition, the Environmental
Protection Service has the responsibility of developing and enforcing environmental legislation and, to this end, operates a network of regional laboratories
that carry out analyses for water quality and for a variety of contaminants in
both marine and fresh water environments. The Department of Energy, Mines and
Resources maintains an Environmental Marine Geology group at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre in Dartmouth, N.S. The Atlantic Regional Laboratory of the
National Research Council in Halifax, N.S., is now in the process of establishing a centre for intercalibrations and reference materials for marine chemistry.
University programs are primarily associated with the Institutes of Oceanography
at Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., the Universit6 du Quebec a Rimouski,
Que., and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., although many
other chemistry, biology, and engineering departments are carrying out pollutionrelated studies. Some degree of coordination of these programs is provided by
the Canadian Committee on Oceanography and its Atlantic and Pacific regional
subcommittees.
2.1
Atlantic Region Programs
2.1.1 Oceanographic Studies
In the Atlantic region there is a wide range of open ocean and coastal
pollution programs. In the open ocean, the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory
plays a lead role with investigations of both organic and inorganic contaminants.
A major part of this program has been a study of the occurrence and distribution
of petroleum residues in the open North Atlantic and includes the study of both
floating particulate material, popularly known as 'tar balls,' and dissolved/
dispersed material throughout the water column Tar ball concentrations have
been found to be very closely related to the surface circulation in the North
Atlantic with highest concentrations in the Sargasso Sea and the virtual absence
of tar north of the North Atlantic Current. Concentrations of dissolved materials are generally less than 1 pg/t. In addition, AOL has been active in the
IGOSS Pilot Project through field measurements and observations of slicks and
through participation in the IOC/WMO Group of Experts on Marine Pollution
Monitoring.
Another oceanic project is the measurement of baseline levels of trace
metals in the North Atlantic. Concentrations of many trace metals are near the
present limits of detection using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the
difficulties of collecting uncontaminated samples and analyzing for trace metals
have been widely recognized. Canadian laboratories on both coasts are participating in the ICES Intercalibration Experiment. The Environmental Marine Geology
group of the Atlantic Geoscience Centre in cooperation with the Marine Ecology
Laboratory has investigated the concentration and distribution of total dissolved mercury in sea water from the North Atlantic. Coastal studies of mercury
have been carried out by AOL and MEL in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay
Fjord.
Considerably greater attention is devoted to the Atlantic coastal environment than to the open Atlantic. Much of this is focussed on the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, specifically to determine the inputs of man-derived substances and
3
their effects on this body of water. Oil pollution has been monitored there on
an annual or more frequent basis since 1970, with measurements of both floating
tar and material dispersed in the water column. Concentrations are generally
less than 5 ppb and seem to be closely related to the flow of water into and out
of the region with the anticipated effects of inputs from shipping and other
human activity superimposed. There has been no evidence of a marked increase or
decrease during the course of this study. In addition, several spill incidents
in the area have been studied and samples of beached oil fingerprinted for
comparison with potential sources.
The impact of land-derived plant material to the Gulf of St. Lawrence
was investigated using lignin, a constituent of terrestrial plants, as an indicator. The only areas where land-derived plant matter constituted an appreciable
fraction of the total organic carbon was in the vicinities of pulp and paper
mills. Similarly, trace metal studies suggest that the effects of land-derived
inorganic substances to the Gulf of St. Lawrence are only noticeable in nearshore areas that receive significant surface runoff from the land. All these
studies indicate that, from a marine pollution point of view, the Gulf of
St. Lawrence is an extension of the North Atlantic coastal waters rather than a
unique inland sea as was once the generally-held view.
2.1.2 Ecological Studies
The Marine Ecology Laboratory is carrying out studies to assess the
long-term effects of pollutants on the general health and productivity of marine
ecosystems in the Atlantic region. This includes identifying those pollutants
which may constitute a significant hazard, the concentrations that may be tolerated safely, the organisms and biological processes most suitable for studying
potential long-term effects and the capacities of marine ecosystems to react to
and assimilate specific pollutants without undergoing irreparable damage. MEL
also carried out a study of the temporal and spatial variations of total hydrocarbon concentrations between Nova Scotia and Bermuda and found concentrations
in the range of a few parts per billion. Several nearshore areas, some of which
indicated definite petroleum contamination, were also studied. Studies of the
effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of phytoplankton indicate that
the low levels of these substances in the sea water of Atlantic Canada are not
adversely affecting phytoplankton growth. Similarly, these concentrations
appear to be below those that affect the respiration, filtering, and crawling
rates of marine invertebrates.
Ecological studies of the effects of the spill of Bunker C fuel oil from
the tanker Arrow incident in Chedabucto Bay, N.S., in 1970 have continued with
emphasis on the effects of the oil on clams, seaweed, and marsh grass. Chemical
analyses indicate that intertidal and subtidal organisms in some regions of the
Bay are heavily contaminated with oil and photographic records show little or
no change in shoreline fouling in some areas during the six years following the
spill.
The Marine Ecology Laboratory also carries out studies on the distribution of organochlorines, mainly total DDT and PCBs, in a wide variety of
marine organisms, ranging from phytoplankton in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
seals and whales from the Canadian Arctic. In addition, laboratory studies of
the rates of uptake and clearance of DDT and PCBs by selected marine organisms
have been carried out, and the course and rates of metabolism of specific DDT
11-
cyclodiene insecticides and of PCBs have been studied. The laboratory has also
participated in the ICES North Atlantic Intercalibration Project for Organochlorines.
The Fisheries Management Sector of the Fisheries and Marine Service
operates laboratories in the Atlantic region at St. John's, Halifax and
St. Andrews. At the St. John's Biological Station, Nfld., studies have been
focussed on the effect of oil pollution on fisheries. The hatching of capelin
eggs was greatly reduced by oil/water ratios of 0.05 and lower, concentrations
which might easily be reached at their spawning sites on beaches. A number of
commercial species demonstrated the ability to metabolize polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. At the St. Andrews Biological Station, N.B., the toxicity of
thallium to Atlantic salmon was investigated and herring were analyzed for PCB,
DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin as part of the OECD Toxic Chemicals in the Environment program. The toxicity to lobsters of phosphamidon, an organophosphate
insecticide used in forest spraying, and that of copper were also studied. The
Halifax Laboratory carries out studies on a variety of marine pollution-related
problems which range from the identification and quantification of toxic elemental
chemical species, pesticides, and industrials such as PCBs through monitoring
work with ICES to the biochemical effects of pollutants on reproduction and
well-being in fish and shellfish. It is also involved in association with the
Department of National Health and Welfare in an assessment of the potential
dangers of such materials to man and his use of fish as food. The associated
Fish Inspection Laboratory is concerned primarily with the quality of fish
products for human use and monitors products for potentially hazardous substances
including lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, and
pesticide residues.
Memorial University of Newfoundland is in the process of establishing
baseline levels of pollutants in unpolluted coastal areas and assessing the
extent of pollution in some contaminated areas. In particular, potential
pollutants originating from the elemental phosphorus plant at Long Harbour have
been studied and their distribution in the environment established.
2.2
Pacific Region Programs
2.2.1 Oceanographic Studies
The bulk of marine pollution work on the Pacific coast of Canada is
conducted at the Institute of Ocean Science at Patricia Bay, B.C. Included are
studies of the occurrence, pathways, and degradation of hydrocarbons in the
marine environent, carbon dioxide, trace metals in sea water, and controlled
environment experiments. Much of this work has been conducted at Ocean Station P
(58°N, 145°W) on a long-term basis and, more recently, in the Beaufort Sea.
The distribution of tar in the North Pacific was studied along a transect
between Japan and British Columbia and supplemented by data from plankton collections at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and recently-published Japanese
data. Heavy concentrations of tar were found in the Kuroshio Current in the
western North Pacific, while the northern and eastern regions were relatively
clean. This finding is consistent with the distribution in the North Atlantic,
where the highest concentrations were associated with the subtropical gyre.
Regular surface tows were also made between Victoria and Ocean Weather Station P.
Dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons were studied by high speed liquid chromatography
5
with fluorescence at Station P, along line P, in British Columbia coastal waters
and in the Beaufort Sea. Concentrations were generally less than 1 ppb. Ocean
Chemistry Division has shipboard and shore clean laboratories for low-level
studies of hydrocarbons in sea water, marine biota and sediments. These are
analyzed using HPLC-FS, GC/MS and GC. Low molecular weight gaseous hydrocarbons
are studied using the Swinnerton GC technique.
Work on the CO2 problem has been included on long-term studies of CO2 to
measure its increase in marine air, air-sea CO2 exchange, carbonate chemistry in
the surface sea water, and also radiocarbon studies of CO2 exchange rate. Weekly
samples are taken at Station P, which is the only fully marine CO2 station in
the world, for atmospheric CO2, surface alkalinity, total CO2 and surface
radiocarbon as well as shipboard infrared measurements of CO2 and pCO2 in the
atmosphere. Controlled environment experiments have been used to study the
effect of biological factors in the carbon dioxide cycle, air-sea exchange of
CO2, and changing chemistry of the carbonate system.
2.2.2 Ecological Studies
Studies using clean laboratory techniques have been carried out by the
Institute of Ocean Science to assess the natural and anthropogenic inputs of
physiologically significant metals into the marine environment. Mercury in
Saanich Inlet and in Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Ocean waters is being studied
by an ultraviolet spectrometric method, while lead is being determined by flameless atomic absorption and mass spectrometry. Other contaminant levels such as
Cd, Cu, and Zn in the Strait of Georgia waters have been studied using anodic
stripping voltametry. This laboratory also participated in the IDOE intercalibration and demonstrated a good capability to detect low levels of lead in
sea water.
The Institute is participating in the Controlled Ecosystem Pollution
Experiment (CEPEX), an international cooperative program under the International
Decade of Ocean Exploration, to study the effects of pollutants on mixed trophic
levels of planktonic organisms. Emphasis is being placed on lead, cadmium,
hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide. Biological studies have included continued
culture experiments to assemble data for the construction of a mathematical
model, including light, temperature, and nutrients as determinants, to predict
conditions for the maximization of primary and secondary production.
The Pacific Environment Institute carries out an active program of
laboratory and field investigations of the effects of pollutants and other manmade changes on aquatic organisms and ecosystems, particularly those related to
the protection of the aquatic renewable resources of the Pacific region of
Canada. Pulp mills are a major industry on Canada's Pacific coast and there has
been a long history of research dealing with pollution problems from this industry, including physical and chemical oceanography aspects. The sublethal effects
of pulp mill effluents on fish and shellfish are being studied and include the
swimming stamina, metabolic rates, circulatory and ventilatory responses, avoidance behaviour and blood chemistry of salmon. Ecological studies on plankton
and benthos are carried out in estuarine environments and include the effects of
pulp mills on phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Phytoplankton production
was reduced near one pulp mill to one-eighth of the normal production for that
area. Studies on axenic cultures of phytoplankton have been carried out to test
the effects of kraft pulp mill effluent and boron, a constituent now released by
a brightening process used for ground wood.
6
The Pollutant Chemistry Section has been involved with studies of resin
acids and other persistent organic substances from pulp mills in both fresh and
marine waters, both as related to direct toxicity to organisms and tainting.
Inorganic studies have included mercury in fjord sediments near a chlor -alkali
plant using a mercury cell, and fluoride distribution in an inlet receiving
wastes from an aluminum plant. The uptake and elimination of mercury by an
edible crab and the transport of mercury across the skin tissue of rainbow trout
have been investigated.
Ecological studies are underway at the Pacific Environment Institute on
the effects of coastal developments, such as coal ports and airport expansion on
river deltas. The disruption of the food chains leading to juvenile Pacific
salmon which use estuaries as nursery grounds for part of their life cycle has
been clearly demonstrated in certain dredging and filling activities already
carried out in the Squamish and Fraser River estuaries. Some of the effects on
benthos from ocean dumping are now being investigated, particularly behavioural
effects on benthic organisms by certain types of materials present in wastes
dumped at sea.
Because of the concern about the ecological disruption of estuaries on
the Pacific coast of Canada, reviews have been undertaken by the Estuary Working
Group of Environment Canada's Regional Board, Pacific region, on 18 estuaries
considered critical from the point of view of threat of development and protection
of living resources. Reports have been published on five of these estuaries
(Fraser, Squamish, Skeena, Cowichan and Chemainus Rivers) so far, taking into
account all environmental aspects.
2.3
Arctic Region Programs
In 1974-75, a large portion of the effort at the Institute of Ocean
Sciences was devoted to the Beaufort Sea Project. This consisted of 32 individual
projects coordinated by the Department of the Environment and funded jointly
with the petroleum industry. The southern Beaufort and Mackenzie Delta has
reserves estimated at 6x109 barrels of oil and 94x1012 ft3 of natural gas but
the region is covered by 2-metre thick ice during nine months of the year.
Consequently, the Canadian Government in 1973 decided to withhold permits for
offshore drilling until environmental studies had been undertaken so that the
environmental hazard of drilling in the area could be assessed. With baseline
data acquired before drilling operations commenced, subsequent monitoring programs
should detect future environmental changes.
These studies were directed towards the environmental damage that would
ensue in the event of a blow-out. The effects of an oil spill on Arctic marine
food chains, fisheries, marine mammals and birds, and possibly on climate were
studied as were the behaviour of oil in sea ice and its transport by currents,
winds and ice movement. Safety precautions necessary to minimize the hazard of
drilling and contingency plans to deal with oil spills, whether from blow-out or
transportation mishap, were investigated. In addition, oceanographic studies of
current, tides, circulation and storm surges, climatological studies of waves,
ice, etc., geological studies of the seabed, bottom scour by ice, sediments and
sedimentary processes, and the behaviour of oil in Arctic Sea ice were carried out.
Baseline studies of pollutants, primarily the distribution of tar and other
particulate pollutants along the Beaufort Sea coast, indicated that the region
is an as yet uncontaminated environment.
7
Other studies, carried out as part of the Beaufort Sea Project by the
Arctic Biological Station, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., included the role of
bacteria in Arctic seas; the temperature and salinity tolerances of marine
invertebrates and their reactions to pollution by crude oil; the effects of
offshore drilling on the distribution and movements of white whales; and the
distribution and abundance of marine and anadromous fishes in the fluctuating
estuarine conditions of the southwestern Beaufort Sea.
In the eastern Arctic, the Department of the Environment sponsored an
impact assessment in Strathcona Sound where a lead-zinc mine is being constructed.
These studies were made to determine the potential effect of mine discharge
waters on the Arctic marine ecology. Farther south, an important study was
carried out in James Bay in an attempt to predict the effects of altering the
fresh water flow into the Bay as a consequence of a major hydroelectric development
in northern Quebec.
2.4
Ocean Dumping_
Ocean and Aquatic Sciences has also played an important role in preparing
the Canadian Ocean Dumping Legislation which came into force in 1975. It has
the responsibility for all research and monitoring programs associated with this
legislation. For example, a study was made of the dispersion of dumped dredge
spoils at a site off the British Columbia coast and the effect the dumped materials
had on the ambient concentrations of trace metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn). As a
result of this field study, a modified elutriate test was devised and it would
appear that this will provide adequate information to assess the potential impact
of an individual dredge spoil. In addition, Ocean and Aquatic Sciences assists
in providing, through Regional Ocean Dumping Advisory Committees in the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Arctic regions, the scientific examination required of every
application to dump substances into the sea and on which the decision to issue
or refuse a permit is made.
2.5
Other Programs
In addition to the marine programs, a great deal of effort in Canada is
devoted to studies of pollution in the fresh water environment. Notable amongst
these are the studies of pollution conducted by the Canada Centre for Inland
Waters at Burlington, Ontario, and the Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, and the
studies of the St. Lawrence River and Estuary by the Centre de Recherches sur
l'Eau (CENTREAU) of Laval University, Quebec, the Groupe Interuniversitaire de
Recherches Oceanographiques du Quebec (GIROQ), McGill University, Montreal,
Que., and the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S. There are also
extensive studies of water quality and toxicity of pollutants to aquatic organisms
by the Biological Station at St. Andrews, N.B., the University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ont., and particularly by the Environmental Protection Service. Although these
programs have some relevance to the marine pollution question, they do not actually
fall within the context of marine pollution research or monitoring, and will not
be'discussed further.
8
2.6
Resources
To put the foregoing account of Canadian effort into marine pollution
research and monitoring into perspective, it is estimated that approximately
150 man-years, of which about 30 are professional scientists, are involved. It
is further estimated that these investigations receive funding to the extent of
about $2.5x106 annually. The Beaufort Sea Project was a special study and
additional resources were made available for this purpose.
3.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
In concluding, one other aspect of the Canadian activity in marine
pollution monitoring and research deserves mention. Canadian scientists have
participated in most, if not all, international programs pertaining to marine
pollution research and monitoring. Included are the many and varied projects
being carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Meteorological
Organization, the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization, United
Nations Environmental Program, and the International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea as well as their subsidiary bodies. It is hoped that the efforts of
these scientists constitute a valuable contribution to the international scientific
community and ultimately to the well-being of the marine environment and to the
benefit of humanity as a whole.
4.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to R.F. Addison, N.J. Campbell, D.C. Gordon, G. Holland,
J.R. Marier, P.W. Nasmyth, J.F. Uthe, M. Waldichuk, A. Walton, C.S. Wong, and
V. Zitko who reviewed the first draft and contributed to the revised version by
supplying information or written paragraphs describing their current programs.
Without their help this report would not have been possible.
5.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Annual Report of the Pacific Environment Institute, West Vancouver, B.C.,
1974.
Balch, A., Marine Science Activity in Canada, 1974. Canadian Committee
on Oceanography, Ottawa, December 1975.
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Biennial Review 1973/74.
CENTREAU Progress Reports.
Environment Canada: Annual Report 1974-75. Information Canada Cat. No.
Env-1975, Ottawa, 1975.
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay: Annual Report 1974, March 1975.
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay: Annual Report 1975, March 1976.
9
Lauzier, L.M., Oceanography in Canada 1971-1974. Canadian Committee on
Oceanography, Ottawa, July 1975.
Newfoundland Biological Station, St. John's, Newfoundland, Annual Report 1973.
St. Andrews, N.B., Biological Station: Annual Report 1974.
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: Identification and
Control of Pollutants of Broad International Significance (Subject
Area III), A/CONF. 48/8, 7 January 1972.
Zitko, V., Effects of pollutants on marine life. A review of research in
Canada in 1973-1974. Manuscript Report 1324, 1974.
Zitko, V., Effects of pollutants on marine life. A review of research in
Canada in 1974-1975. Manuscript Report 1361, 1975.
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