Download 2 bones - Yeditepe University Pharma Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
1) REGIONAL ANATOMY
Topographical anatomy
2) SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
3) Clinical anatomy
Applied anatomy
Cadaver
Pre-dissection period (1827-1841)
Unmedicated cadaver period (1841-1908)
Medicated cadaver period (1908-present)
Dissection
Prosection
ANATOMICAL POSITION
THREE IMAGINARY
PLANES
Adult
Hardest following teeth
Protection, support, attachment, reservoir;
MOVEMENT
5 types: Long,short, flat,irregular, sesamoid
Sparse cells in the matrix
4 principal types of cells: Osteogenic,
osteoblast, osteocyte; osteoclast
Compact bone- Spongy bone
Ossification: 2 types
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.
26. September 2014 Friday
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80 BONES
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2 Scapulae
2 Clavicles
2 Humeri
2 Ulnae
2 Radii
27 x2 = 54 bones
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2 bones
2 right and left hip bones
2 bones
2 Femora
2 bones
2 Patellae
4 bones
52 bones
2 Tibiae and fibulae
27x2
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SKULL
skeleton of the head
cranium
22 bones
excluding ossicles of the ear
SKULL
Mandible
Lower jaw bone
SKULL
skeleton of the head
Neurocranium
Viscerocranium facial skeleton
Splanchocranium
22 bones in the cranium
8 @ neurocranium
Frontal bone- single
Occipital bone- single
Parietal bones- paired
Temporal bones- paired
Sphenoid bone- single
Ethmoid bone- single
FRONTAL BONE
OS FRONTALE
FRONTAL BONE
1. Squama vertical portion
region of the forehead
2. Orbital portion frontal orbit/orbita frontalis horizontal portion
formation of roofs of the orbital & nasal cavities 3.Nasal portion
Squama
PARIETAL BONES
OS PARIETALE
Two parietal bones unite and form the sides & roof of the cranium.
Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form.
TEMPORAL BONES
OS TEMPORALE
Situated at the sides and base of the skull.
Contributes most of the lower portion of lateral wall of the cranium.
TEMPORAL BONES
3 parts
1. Squamous part
2. Tympanic part
3. Petromastoid part
Petrous part of the temporal bone
lateral to the basilar part of the occipital bone
between
greater wing of the sphenoid anteriorly
basilar part of the occipital bone posteriorly.
SPHENOIDAL BONE
OS SPHENOIDALE
at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones 6 basilar part of occipital bone
median portion body
two great and two small wings extending outward from the sides of the body
two pterygoid processes project from it below.
at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of
the occipital.
median portion or body, two great and two small wings extending
outward from the sides of the body, and two processes which project
from it below.
supplies the bed for the pituitary gland (Sella turcica; Turkish saddle)
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saddle-like bony formation on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid
Anterior & posterior
clinoid processes
composed of three parts
1. tuberculum sellae (horn of saddle)
2. hypophysial fossa (pituitary fossa)
3. dorsum sellae (back of saddle)
OCCIPITAL BONE
OS OCCIPITALE
at the back and lower part of the cranium
foramen magnum
cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal
Major structures passing through
spinal cord
meninges & spinal cord
vertebral arteries
anterior & posterior spinal arteries
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
4 parts of the occipital bone
arranged around the foramen magnum
Squama
Basilar part
Lateral (condylar) portions
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exceedingly light and spongy
cubical in shape
at the anterior part of the base of the cranium
between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose
contributes to each of these cavities.
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Cranial Fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
occupied by the inferior and anterior parts of
the frontal lobes of the brain
shallowest cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
butterfly-shaped
central part composed of the sella turcica on the
body of the sphenoid
large, depressed lateral parts on each side
Posterior cranial fossa
largest and deepest cranial fossa
formed mostly by the occipital bone
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Facial Bones
Nasal Bones
o two small oblong bones, varying in size
form in different individuals
o placed side by side @ middle & upper
part of the face
o form, by their junction, “the bridge” of
the nose.
Maxillæ (Upper Jaw)
o largest bones of the face, excepting
mandible
o form the whole of the upper jaw.
Form the boundaries of 3 cavities
o roof of the mouth
o floor and lateral wall of the nose
o floor of the orbit
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Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bone
smallest & most fragile bone of the face
at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit
Zygomatic Bone (Malar Bone)
small and quadrangular
at the upper and lateral part of the face
forms
prominence of the cheek
part of the lateral wall & floor of the orbit.
Zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
temporal process of the zygomatic bone
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Facial Bones
Palatine Bone
@ back part of the nasal cavity.
contributes to the walls of three cavities
1) floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity
2) roof of the mouth
3) floor of the orbit.
Inferior Nasal Concha
extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
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Facial Bones
Vomer
in the median plane
thin, somewhat quadrilateral in shape
forms hinder & lower part of the nasal septum.
Mandible (Lower Jaw)
largest and strongest bone of the face
serves for the reception of the lower teeth.
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Ribs (L. costae)
curved flat bones
form most of the thoracic cage.
3 types of ribs:
 True (vertebrocostal) ribs (1st-7th ribs):
directly to the sternum.
 False (vertebrochondral) ribs
(8th, 9th, and usually 10th ribs):
indirect with the sternum
 Floating (vertebral, free) ribs
(11th, 12th, and sometimes 10th ribs):
No connection with the sternum
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Typical ribs (3rd-9th) have the following components:
Head
one facet for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra
one facet for the vertebra superior to it
Neck
Tubercle articulates with the corresponding transverse process of the vertebra.
Body (shaft)
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Costal cartilages prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the
elasticity of the thoracic wall, providing a flexible attachment
for their anterior ends.
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 Intercostal spaces separate the ribs and their costal cartilages from
one another.
 The spaces are named according to the rib forming the superior
border of the space—for example, the 4th intercostal space lies
between ribs 4 and 5.
 There are 11 intercostal spaces and 11 intercostal nerves. Intercostal
spaces are occupied by intercostal muscles and membranes, and two
sets (main and collateral) of intercostal blood vessels and nerves,
identified by the same number assigned to the space.
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G. sternon, chest
Has three parts:
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in five regions:
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal.
 The vertebrae gradually become larger as the vertebral column
descends to the sacrum and then become progressively smaller
toward the apex of the coccyx.
The change in size is related to
the fact that successive
vertebrae bear increasing
amounts of the body's weight
as the column descends.
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The vertebrae reach maximum size immediately superior to the
sacrum, which transfers the weight to the pelvic girdle at the
sacroiliac joints.
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The vertebral column is flexible because it consists of many relatively
small bones, called vertebrae (singular = vertebra), that are separated
by resilient intervertebral (IV) discs.
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 Vertebrae vary in size and other characteristics from one region of
the vertebral column to another, and to a lesser degree within each
region; however, their basic structure is the same.
 A typical vertebra consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and
seven processes.
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vertebral body
anterior part of the bone that gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body
weight.
vertebral arch
posterior to the vertebral body.
vertebral arch & posterior surface of the vertebral body form
walls of the vertebral foramen.
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7 cervical vertebrae
characterized mainly by their
small size and the presence of
a foramen in each transverse
process , bifid spinous process
12 thoracic vertebrae
characterized by their
articulated ribs , spinous
process projecting inferiorly
five lumbar vertebrae,
characterized by their large
size
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BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
&
THE SHOULDER
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CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ)
 The clavicle (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the trunk.
 The shaft of the clavicle has a double curve in a horizontal plane.
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CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ)
 Its medial half articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
 Its lateral half articulates with the scapula.
 These curvatures increase the resilience of the clavicle and give
it the appearance of an elongated capital S.
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CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ)
 increases the range of motion of the limb.
 affords protection to the neurovascular bundle supplying the upper
limb.
 transmits shocks (traumatic impacts) from the upper limb to the axial
skeleton.
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SCAPULA (TR. KÜREK KEMIĞI)
shoulder blade
triangular flat bone
lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax.
has an articular surface; a glenoid cavity (G. socket) for the
articulation with the head of the humerus.
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2nd- 7th ribs
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SCAPULA
Anterior view
three angles
lateral, superior, and inferior
three borders
superior, lateral, and medial
two surfaces
costal and posterior
three processes
Acromion
Spine
Coracoid process
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SCAPULA
Lateral view
Glenoid cavity
Acromion
Coracoid process
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HUMERUS
 largest bone in the upper limb
 articulates with the scapula at the
glenohumeral joint
 articulates with the radius and ulna at the
elbow joint.
 The proximal end of the humerus has a head,
surgical and anatomical necks, and greater
and lesser tubercles.
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HUMERUS
proximal end
Head
Neck
-Anatomical neck
-Surgical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular
groove
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HUMERUS
spherical head of the humerus
articulates with the glenoid
cavity of the scapula.
surgical neck of the humerus,
a common site of fracture, is
the narrow part distal to the
head and tubercles.
distal end of the humerus
makes up the condyle of the
humerus.
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HUMERUS
distal end
Posterior view
Anterior view
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Trochlea
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Capitilum
Lateral epicondyle
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BONES OF THE FOREARM
The two forearm bones serve together to form the second unit of an
articulated mobile strut (the first unit being the humerus), with a
mobile base formed by the shoulder, that positions the hand.
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stabilizing bone of the forearm
medial and longer of the two forearm bones.
Its more massive
proximal end is
specialized for
articulation with the
humerus proximally
and the head of the
radius laterally.
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lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones.
Proximally, the head of the radius is concave
for articulation with the humerus during
flexion and extension of the elbow joint.
The head also articulates with the ulna.
The shaft of the radius, in contrast to that of
the ulna, gradually enlarges as it passes
distally.
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 The distal end of the radius accommodates the head of the ulna.
 Its lateral aspect becomes increasingly ridge-like, terminating distally
in the radial styloid process.
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BONES OF THE HAND
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Each digit has three phalanges except for the first (the thumb),
Thumb has only two phalanges!
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2 functional components:
Pelvic girdle & bones of the free lower limb
Body weight is transferred
Vertebral column
(Sacroiliac joints)
Pelvic girdle
(Hip joints)
Femurs (L. femora)
Skeleton of the lower limb
inferior appendicular skeleton
two functional components
1. pelvic girdle
2. bones of the free lower limb
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a ring of bones that connects the vertebral column to the two femurs.
 Primary functions
bearing & transfer of weight
 Secondary functions
protection and support of abdominopelvic viscera and housing
attachment for structures of the genital and urinary systems
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In the mature individual, the pelvic girdle is formed by three bones:
Right and left hip bones (coxal bones; pelvic bones): large, irregularly
shaped bones, each of which develops from the fusion of three bones,
the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
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The Mature Hip Bone
(L. os coxae)
large, flat pelvic bone formed
by the fusion of three primary bones
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
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 large cupshaped cavity or
socket on the lateral aspect
of the hip bone
 articulates with the head of
the femur to form the hip
joint.
 All three primary bones
forming the hip bone
contribute to the formation
of the acetabulum.
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SACRUM
 The wedged-shaped sacrum (L. sacred) is usually composed of five
fused sacral vertebrae in adults.
 It is located between the hip bones and forms the roof and
posterosuperior wall of the posterior half of the pelvic cavity.
 The sacral canal is the continuation of the vertebral canal in the
sacrum.
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Coccyx (tail bone)
 Small triangular bone usually formed by fusion of the 4 rudimentary
coccygeal vertebrae. Remnant of the skeleton of the embryonic taillike caudal eminence.
 Does not participate with the other vertebrae in support of the body
weight when standing; however, when sitting it may flex anteriorly
somewhat, indicating that it is receiving some weight.
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FEMUR
 Longest and heaviest bone in the body
 Transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia when a person
is standing.
 Consists of a shaft (body) and two ends, superior or proximal and
inferior or distal.
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Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Head
Neck
2 trochanters
Greater & Lesser
Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Gluteal tuberosity
Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Intercondylar fossa
Medial and lateral condyles
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Medial and lateral femoral condyles
Patellar surface
BONES OF THE LEG
 The tibia and fibula are the bones of the leg.
 The tibia articulates with the condyles of the femur superiorly and
the talus inferiorly and in so doing transmits the body's weight.
 The fibula mainly functions as an attachment for muscles, but it is
also important for the stability of the ankle joint.
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TIBIA (SHINE BONE)
on the anteromedial side of the leg, nearly parallel to the fibula
second largest bone
anterior border of the tibia
-most prominent border.
tibia & adjacent medial
surface subcutaneous
throughout their lengths
commonly known as the
“shin”
periosteal covering and
overlying skin vulnerable to
bruising.
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TIBIA (SHINE BONE)
Inferior surface of the shaft & lateral surface of medial malleolus
articulate with the talus.
Interosseous membrane unites the two leg bones.
Inferiorly, the tibia articulates with the distal end of the fibula.
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Slender, lies posterolateral to the tibia
No function in weight-bearing.
Serves mainly for muscle attachment
FIBULA
posterolateral to the tibia
distal end enlarges prolonged as lateral malleolus
proximal end an enlarged head superior to a small neck.
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PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
largest sesamoid bone in the body
embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon.
joint between the patella and femur share the same articular cavity
w/ the joint between femur & tibia
patellar ligament connects the patella to the tibia.
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Tarsus (n=7)
Metatarsus (n=5)
Phalanges (n=14)
"flat surface, especially for drying,"
7 bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Three cuneiforms
Only one bone, the talus,
articulates with the leg bones.
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CALCANEUS
L., heel bone
 Largest and strongest bone in the foot.
 When standing, the calcaneus transmits the majority of the body's
weight from the talus to the ground.
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METATARSUS
(Anterior foot/distal foot)
5 metatarsals numbered from the medial side of the foot
Metatarsals and phalanges located in anterior half (forefoot)
Tarsals in the posterior half (hindfoot)
14 phalanges
 1st digit (great toe)
2 phalanges
(proximal and distal)
 Other four digits
3 phalanges
(proximal, middle, and distal)