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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. 1) REGIONAL ANATOMY Topographical anatomy 2) SYSTEMIC ANATOMY 3) Clinical anatomy Applied anatomy Cadaver Pre-dissection period (1827-1841) Unmedicated cadaver period (1841-1908) Medicated cadaver period (1908-present) Dissection Prosection ANATOMICAL POSITION THREE IMAGINARY PLANES Adult Hardest following teeth Protection, support, attachment, reservoir; MOVEMENT 5 types: Long,short, flat,irregular, sesamoid Sparse cells in the matrix 4 principal types of cells: Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte; osteoclast Compact bone- Spongy bone Ossification: 2 types Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 26. September 2014 Friday 4 5 6 80 BONES 7 8 2 Scapulae 2 Clavicles 2 Humeri 2 Ulnae 2 Radii 27 x2 = 54 bones 9 2 bones 2 right and left hip bones 2 bones 2 Femora 2 bones 2 Patellae 4 bones 52 bones 2 Tibiae and fibulae 27x2 10 11 12 SKULL skeleton of the head cranium 22 bones excluding ossicles of the ear SKULL Mandible Lower jaw bone SKULL skeleton of the head Neurocranium Viscerocranium facial skeleton Splanchocranium 22 bones in the cranium 8 @ neurocranium Frontal bone- single Occipital bone- single Parietal bones- paired Temporal bones- paired Sphenoid bone- single Ethmoid bone- single FRONTAL BONE OS FRONTALE FRONTAL BONE 1. Squama vertical portion region of the forehead 2. Orbital portion frontal orbit/orbita frontalis horizontal portion formation of roofs of the orbital & nasal cavities 3.Nasal portion Squama PARIETAL BONES OS PARIETALE Two parietal bones unite and form the sides & roof of the cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form. TEMPORAL BONES OS TEMPORALE Situated at the sides and base of the skull. Contributes most of the lower portion of lateral wall of the cranium. TEMPORAL BONES 3 parts 1. Squamous part 2. Tympanic part 3. Petromastoid part Petrous part of the temporal bone lateral to the basilar part of the occipital bone between greater wing of the sphenoid anteriorly basilar part of the occipital bone posteriorly. SPHENOIDAL BONE OS SPHENOIDALE at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones 6 basilar part of occipital bone median portion body two great and two small wings extending outward from the sides of the body two pterygoid processes project from it below. at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital. median portion or body, two great and two small wings extending outward from the sides of the body, and two processes which project from it below. supplies the bed for the pituitary gland (Sella turcica; Turkish saddle) 24 saddle-like bony formation on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid Anterior & posterior clinoid processes composed of three parts 1. tuberculum sellae (horn of saddle) 2. hypophysial fossa (pituitary fossa) 3. dorsum sellae (back of saddle) OCCIPITAL BONE OS OCCIPITALE at the back and lower part of the cranium foramen magnum cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal Major structures passing through spinal cord meninges & spinal cord vertebral arteries anterior & posterior spinal arteries spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) 4 parts of the occipital bone arranged around the foramen magnum Squama Basilar part Lateral (condylar) portions 29 exceedingly light and spongy cubical in shape at the anterior part of the base of the cranium between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose contributes to each of these cavities. 30 Cranial Fossae Anterior cranial fossa occupied by the inferior and anterior parts of the frontal lobes of the brain shallowest cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa butterfly-shaped central part composed of the sella turcica on the body of the sphenoid large, depressed lateral parts on each side Posterior cranial fossa largest and deepest cranial fossa formed mostly by the occipital bone 31 Facial Bones Nasal Bones o two small oblong bones, varying in size form in different individuals o placed side by side @ middle & upper part of the face o form, by their junction, “the bridge” of the nose. Maxillæ (Upper Jaw) o largest bones of the face, excepting mandible o form the whole of the upper jaw. Form the boundaries of 3 cavities o roof of the mouth o floor and lateral wall of the nose o floor of the orbit 32 Facial Bones Lacrimal Bone smallest & most fragile bone of the face at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit Zygomatic Bone (Malar Bone) small and quadrangular at the upper and lateral part of the face forms prominence of the cheek part of the lateral wall & floor of the orbit. Zygomatic arch zygomatic process of the temporal bone temporal process of the zygomatic bone 33 Facial Bones Palatine Bone @ back part of the nasal cavity. contributes to the walls of three cavities 1) floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity 2) roof of the mouth 3) floor of the orbit. Inferior Nasal Concha extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. 34 Facial Bones Vomer in the median plane thin, somewhat quadrilateral in shape forms hinder & lower part of the nasal septum. Mandible (Lower Jaw) largest and strongest bone of the face serves for the reception of the lower teeth. 35 36 37 38 39 Ribs (L. costae) curved flat bones form most of the thoracic cage. 3 types of ribs: True (vertebrocostal) ribs (1st-7th ribs): directly to the sternum. False (vertebrochondral) ribs (8th, 9th, and usually 10th ribs): indirect with the sternum Floating (vertebral, free) ribs (11th, 12th, and sometimes 10th ribs): No connection with the sternum 40 Typical ribs (3rd-9th) have the following components: Head one facet for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra one facet for the vertebra superior to it Neck Tubercle articulates with the corresponding transverse process of the vertebra. Body (shaft) . 41 Costal cartilages prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall, providing a flexible attachment for their anterior ends. 42 Intercostal spaces separate the ribs and their costal cartilages from one another. The spaces are named according to the rib forming the superior border of the space—for example, the 4th intercostal space lies between ribs 4 and 5. There are 11 intercostal spaces and 11 intercostal nerves. Intercostal spaces are occupied by intercostal muscles and membranes, and two sets (main and collateral) of intercostal blood vessels and nerves, identified by the same number assigned to the space. 43 44 G. sternon, chest Has three parts: 1. Manubrium 2. Body 3. Xiphoid process 45 VERTEBRAL COLUMN In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in five regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. The vertebrae gradually become larger as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then become progressively smaller toward the apex of the coccyx. The change in size is related to the fact that successive vertebrae bear increasing amounts of the body's weight as the column descends. 46 The vertebrae reach maximum size immediately superior to the sacrum, which transfers the weight to the pelvic girdle at the sacroiliac joints. 47 The vertebral column is flexible because it consists of many relatively small bones, called vertebrae (singular = vertebra), that are separated by resilient intervertebral (IV) discs. 48 Vertebrae vary in size and other characteristics from one region of the vertebral column to another, and to a lesser degree within each region; however, their basic structure is the same. A typical vertebra consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and seven processes. 49 vertebral body anterior part of the bone that gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight. vertebral arch posterior to the vertebral body. vertebral arch & posterior surface of the vertebral body form walls of the vertebral foramen. 50 51 52 7 cervical vertebrae characterized mainly by their small size and the presence of a foramen in each transverse process , bifid spinous process 12 thoracic vertebrae characterized by their articulated ribs , spinous process projecting inferiorly five lumbar vertebrae, characterized by their large size 53 54 BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB & THE SHOULDER 55 CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ) The clavicle (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the trunk. The shaft of the clavicle has a double curve in a horizontal plane. 56 CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ) Its medial half articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. Its lateral half articulates with the scapula. These curvatures increase the resilience of the clavicle and give it the appearance of an elongated capital S. 57 CLAVICLE (TR. KÖPRÜCÜK KEMİĞİ) increases the range of motion of the limb. affords protection to the neurovascular bundle supplying the upper limb. transmits shocks (traumatic impacts) from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. 58 SCAPULA (TR. KÜREK KEMIĞI) shoulder blade triangular flat bone lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax. has an articular surface; a glenoid cavity (G. socket) for the articulation with the head of the humerus. 59 2nd- 7th ribs 60 SCAPULA Anterior view three angles lateral, superior, and inferior three borders superior, lateral, and medial two surfaces costal and posterior three processes Acromion Spine Coracoid process 61 SCAPULA Lateral view Glenoid cavity Acromion Coracoid process 62 63 HUMERUS largest bone in the upper limb articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The proximal end of the humerus has a head, surgical and anatomical necks, and greater and lesser tubercles. 64 HUMERUS proximal end Head Neck -Anatomical neck -Surgical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove 65 HUMERUS spherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. surgical neck of the humerus, a common site of fracture, is the narrow part distal to the head and tubercles. distal end of the humerus makes up the condyle of the humerus. 66 HUMERUS distal end Posterior view Anterior view Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Trochlea Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Capitilum Lateral epicondyle 67 BONES OF THE FOREARM The two forearm bones serve together to form the second unit of an articulated mobile strut (the first unit being the humerus), with a mobile base formed by the shoulder, that positions the hand. 69 stabilizing bone of the forearm medial and longer of the two forearm bones. Its more massive proximal end is specialized for articulation with the humerus proximally and the head of the radius laterally. 70 lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones. Proximally, the head of the radius is concave for articulation with the humerus during flexion and extension of the elbow joint. The head also articulates with the ulna. The shaft of the radius, in contrast to that of the ulna, gradually enlarges as it passes distally. 71 The distal end of the radius accommodates the head of the ulna. Its lateral aspect becomes increasingly ridge-like, terminating distally in the radial styloid process. 72 BONES OF THE HAND 73 Each digit has three phalanges except for the first (the thumb), Thumb has only two phalanges! 74 2 functional components: Pelvic girdle & bones of the free lower limb Body weight is transferred Vertebral column (Sacroiliac joints) Pelvic girdle (Hip joints) Femurs (L. femora) Skeleton of the lower limb inferior appendicular skeleton two functional components 1. pelvic girdle 2. bones of the free lower limb 76 a ring of bones that connects the vertebral column to the two femurs. Primary functions bearing & transfer of weight Secondary functions protection and support of abdominopelvic viscera and housing attachment for structures of the genital and urinary systems 77 In the mature individual, the pelvic girdle is formed by three bones: Right and left hip bones (coxal bones; pelvic bones): large, irregularly shaped bones, each of which develops from the fusion of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 78 The Mature Hip Bone (L. os coxae) large, flat pelvic bone formed by the fusion of three primary bones ilium, ischium, and pubis. 79 large cupshaped cavity or socket on the lateral aspect of the hip bone articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint. All three primary bones forming the hip bone contribute to the formation of the acetabulum. 80 SACRUM The wedged-shaped sacrum (L. sacred) is usually composed of five fused sacral vertebrae in adults. It is located between the hip bones and forms the roof and posterosuperior wall of the posterior half of the pelvic cavity. The sacral canal is the continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum. 81 Coccyx (tail bone) Small triangular bone usually formed by fusion of the 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae. Remnant of the skeleton of the embryonic taillike caudal eminence. Does not participate with the other vertebrae in support of the body weight when standing; however, when sitting it may flex anteriorly somewhat, indicating that it is receiving some weight. 82 FEMUR Longest and heaviest bone in the body Transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia when a person is standing. Consists of a shaft (body) and two ends, superior or proximal and inferior or distal. 83 Superior (proximal) end of the femur Head Neck 2 trochanters Greater & Lesser Superior (proximal) end of the femur Gluteal tuberosity Superior (proximal) end of the femur Intercondylar fossa Medial and lateral condyles Medial and lateral epicondyles Medial and lateral femoral condyles Patellar surface BONES OF THE LEG The tibia and fibula are the bones of the leg. The tibia articulates with the condyles of the femur superiorly and the talus inferiorly and in so doing transmits the body's weight. The fibula mainly functions as an attachment for muscles, but it is also important for the stability of the ankle joint. 87 TIBIA (SHINE BONE) on the anteromedial side of the leg, nearly parallel to the fibula second largest bone anterior border of the tibia -most prominent border. tibia & adjacent medial surface subcutaneous throughout their lengths commonly known as the “shin” periosteal covering and overlying skin vulnerable to bruising. 88 TIBIA (SHINE BONE) Inferior surface of the shaft & lateral surface of medial malleolus articulate with the talus. Interosseous membrane unites the two leg bones. Inferiorly, the tibia articulates with the distal end of the fibula. 89 90 Slender, lies posterolateral to the tibia No function in weight-bearing. Serves mainly for muscle attachment FIBULA posterolateral to the tibia distal end enlarges prolonged as lateral malleolus proximal end an enlarged head superior to a small neck. 92 PATELLA (KNEE CAP) largest sesamoid bone in the body embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon. joint between the patella and femur share the same articular cavity w/ the joint between femur & tibia patellar ligament connects the patella to the tibia. 93 Tarsus (n=7) Metatarsus (n=5) Phalanges (n=14) "flat surface, especially for drying," 7 bones Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular Three cuneiforms Only one bone, the talus, articulates with the leg bones. 96 CALCANEUS L., heel bone Largest and strongest bone in the foot. When standing, the calcaneus transmits the majority of the body's weight from the talus to the ground. 97 METATARSUS (Anterior foot/distal foot) 5 metatarsals numbered from the medial side of the foot Metatarsals and phalanges located in anterior half (forefoot) Tarsals in the posterior half (hindfoot) 14 phalanges 1st digit (great toe) 2 phalanges (proximal and distal) Other four digits 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)