Download Ch. 10 Islam Notes

The Muslim World
(622–1650)
Ch. 10
The Teachings of Islam

Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and
became one of the world’s major religions.
Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief
in one God.

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Muslims believe that the Koran (Qu’ran,
Quran) contains the sacred word of God
and is the final authority on all matters.
Muhammad Became the Prophet of Islam
Muhammad said he heard the angel Gabriel
calling him to be the messenger of God.
Muhammad:
 devoted his life to spreading Islam.
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made a journey from Mecca to Medina, where he
was welcomed by Muslim converts. This was a
turning point for Islam know as hijra.
returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs
under Islam.
All Muslims accept five duties, known as the
Five Pillars of Islam:
1-Declaration of Faith
2-Daily prayer- many gather in
a house of worship called a mosque, a
muezzin, climbs to the top of a
minaret to call people to prayer. (5x
day)
3-Charity (Alms Giving)
4-Fasting during Ramadan
5-Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca
*Some Muslims look on jihad, or effort
in God’s service, as another duty. Jihad
has often been mistakenly translated as
“holy war”- it includes acts of charity or
inner struggle to achieve spiritual
peace, as well as defense of Islam.
Islam as a Way of Life

Islamic law, the Sharia, regulates moral conduct,
family life, business practices, government, and
other aspects of a Muslim community.
Unlike the law codes that evolved in
the West, the Sharia does not
separate religious matters from
criminal or civil law.
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Islam affirmed the spiritual equality of women
and men. The position of women in society varies
from place to place.
Movements Within Islam
Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam.
SUNNI
Believed caliph, or
successor to
Muhammad
should be chosen by
leaders of the Muslim
community.
Viewed caliph as a
leader, not as a
religious authority.
SHIITES
(Shia)
Believed that only
descendants of
Muhammad could
become caliph.
Believed descendants
of Muhammad to be
divinely inspired.
SUFI
Sought to
communicate with
God through
meditation, fasting,
and other rituals.
Islam Spreads- An Age of Conquest
Islam Spreads:
How were the Muslims able to conquer so many lands?

Byzantine and Persian empires were weak
from years of fighting each other

People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed
Arab conquerors as liberator

Used bold, efficient fighting methods,
which overwhelmed traditional armies

The common religion of Islam united a
patchwork of tribes into a unified state
Spread of Islam
Immediate Effects
 Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to
the Indus Valley
 Centers of learning flourish
Long-Term Effects
 Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa
through trade
 Arabic becomes the shared language of
Muslims
 Split between Sunni and Shiites
The Umayyads and the Abbassids
These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world,
uniting the Arab empire, and brought about a
golden age in Muslim civilization.
UMAYYADS
Set up dynasty that ruled until 750
 Conquered lands from Spain to India

ABBASSIDS
Overthrew the Umayyads
 Muslim empire reached its greatest wealth
and power
 Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age

Golden Age of Muslim Civilization
Muslim Society
 Muslim rulers united people from different
cultures. As a result, Muslim civilization
absorbed and blended many traditions

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The class distinction between Arabs and
non-Arabs faded over time
People enjoyed a certain degree of social
mobility
Slavery was common
The Muslim Economy


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Built a vast trading network across the
Muslim world and beyond
New business practices: partnerships,
credit, banks, and bank checks
Outside the cities, agriculture flourished
Muslim Art and Literature
Influenced by:
 Islamic religion
 Blended
traditions and styles of
Greeks, Romans, Persians, and
Indians
Muslim Advances in Learning
Philosophy
 Blended Greek ideas of reason with
religious teachings of Islam
Math
 Invented algebra and wrote mathematics
textbooks later used in Europe
Astronomy

Astronomers calculated circumference of the
Earth
Medicine

Set up hospitals with emergency rooms

Studied measles and smallpox

Wrote a medical encyclopedia

Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts
Decline of the Muslim Empire

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Around 850, the caliphs became unable to
maintain centralized control, and the empire
fragmented.
In the 900’s, Turks invaded the Middle East and
built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.
In the 1200’s and 1300’s , Mongol invaders
dominated the Middle East.
Muslims in
India
Delhi Sultanate
and
Mughal Empire
The Delhi Sultanate
In the 1100’s, Muslim invaders entered
northern India and organized a
sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan.
 Muslim traditions of government
came to India.
 Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated
to India to serve as soldiers or
officials.
 Trade between India and the Muslim
world increased.
 During the Mongol raids, many
scholars fled from Baghdad to India,
bringing Persian and Greek learning.
Hinduism and Islam
Clash and Blend
Mughal Empire: Akbar the Great
During his long reign, Akbar united Mughal India. Akbar
accomplished the following:
 Implemented
policy of religious
toleration
 Employed paid officials, instead
of hereditary officeholders
 Modernized the army
 Encouraged international trade
 Standardized weights and
measures
Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 1453–1629
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
“Gunpowder Empires”
While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and
the Safavids ruled the Middle East and parts of
Eastern Europe.
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All three owed much of their success to new
military technology, such as cannons and
muskets.
As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650
is sometimes called “the age of gunpowder
empires.”
Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman
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1450’s- Conquered the Byzantine Empire
and re-name Constantinople to Istanbul.
Suleiman the Magnificent had absolute
power, unites the empire.
Ottoman law was based on the Sharia.
Government and military officers included
conquered people. Janizaries were the
elite force of the Ottoman army.
Safavid Empire: Abbas the Great
Shah, or king, Abbas the Great revived the glory of
ancient Persian culture:

centralized government

created a powerful military and economy

tolerated non-Muslims and valued their
economic contributions

made alliances with European states
Chapter Assessment- 9th Period
On a sheet of paper:
Pg.
336
#1-10
#11, 12, 21
Hand in when you are done and pick
up the review sheet.
Chapter Assessment
On a sheet of loose leaf paper:
Pg.
336
#1-20
Hand in when you are done and pick
up the review sheet.