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The Immune System: Study Guide
The immune System : Primary Functions
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provides a series of _____________________________ against pathogens including:
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Key Culprits: Bacteria and Viruses
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Bacteria are _____________________ microbes which exist almost everywhere. Much smaller
than ___________________ cells, bacteria can _____________ very quickly.
There are about ___________________ bacteria cells on _______________________ right now!
Unlike bacteria, _______________ are _____________________ infectious _____________
complexes which can only ____________ and _____________ inside a host cell.
What is a “Virus?”
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Viruses are microscopic particles composed of a _______________ core wrapped in a
_______________________.
Most viruses are so small, they require a powerful ____________________________ to be seen.
Simple in design, viruses can contain anywhere from _________________________ genes.
A viruses ___________ coat is called the _____________.
The capsid contains specialized ______________ designed to bind to _____________________
on _______ cells, tricking them to allow access inside…
Once inside the virus then “____________” the host cell, using its machinery to
______________ and ________________ its ____________information and make new viruses.
Because viruses must bind so ____________to ________________________ on cell surfaces,
and then use the host’s _____________________ to replicate themselves, most viruses are
________________________ to the cells they infect.
__________________ infect plant cells, _________ viruses only infect specific species of animals
bacterial viruses only infect specific kinds of bacteria (these are called ____________________)
There are 2 slightly different means by which viruses invade & replicate inside host cells. These
include “________________________,” and “____________________________.”
When a virus contains _______ instead of ________as its genetic blueprint, it is called a
______________. These viruses work ______________ inside the host cell by
______________________________ of their RNA, then incorporating it into the host cell’s DNA.
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___________ is a retrovirus
Many retroviruses are linked to ___________ in humans and other animals
Because of their unique characteristics, viruses are often debated as to
____________________________________________________________________________
Organs of the Immune System
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Thymus – glandular organ _________________ where _____________________learn their jobs
Bone marrow – ___________________ producing tissue located ________________________
Spleen – serves as a __________________________ by removing old and damaged __________
Lymph nodes/ vessels – ______________________ for immune cells, _________________, and
other immune components.
The 1st Line of Defense: The Innate Immune System
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Your ________ prevents nearly all ______________ from entering, however sometimes they
find a way….
When this happens, an ________________, ___________________ cellular response is
triggered.
What is the name of the water resistant oily substance on your skin that keeps it dry and largely
microbe free? ___________________
The 2nd Line of Defense: The Innate Immune System
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______________________(made in bone marrow) recognize _________________________ on
pathogens called _______________ and destroy them.
2 main types include ________________________ and ________________________…
Granulocytes (also called _________________) are the first to attack foreign invaders, they
recognize pathogens and _______________________________.
These cells make up _____________ of your total “white” Blood cell count.
Macrophages are ___________________ which _______________________ pathogens as
_____________________________ remains.
_______________________________________________________________ all indicate that
phagocytes are present and doing their job.
The 3rd (and final) Line of Defense: The Adaptive Immune System
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When the phagocytes cannot ___________________________________, a new line of immune
cells become involved called ______________________.
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Unlike the __________________________________, Adaptive immunity is permanent,
_____________________________, and involves the production of ____________________.
There are 2 categories of lymphocytes generated in bone marrow: ___________and
___________ (these mature in the Thymus).
Plasma B Cells- These lymphocytes (partially activated by macrophages)
____________________ on foreign invaders and create _____________ which attach to
_____________________ and target them for destruction.
Memory B Cells- Long-lived cells that “___________________” certain ____________ and can
react quickly in response to a future exposure.
Memory B Activation
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A _____________________encounters its matching _____________ and ____________it. The B
cell then ______________________ of the antigen on its surface. This attracts
_____________________ which bind to the B cell at the antigen site and release ____________.
These stimulate the B cells to ____________ and to develop into_________________ or
__________________________.
The Adaptive Immune System : T-Cells- 3 Types
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Helper T Cells- Although they cannot _____________________________, these cells are crucial
in _______________and _______________B-cells as well as maximizing the efficiency of
__________________________.
These cells themselves must be activated…
T Cells can both ______________ and ______________ B cells from generating _____________.
Killer T Cells- Also called ________________________, these lymphocytes target and destroy
____________________________ cells and _____________ cells
____________________ T Cells _____________________ the activities of B and T cells once the
infection is under control.
Initiating an Immune Response…
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Cytokines are ___________, simple ‘_________________’ proteins that are secreted by the
______________________ of the _______________ system as well as various immune cells.
The term "cytokine" is a general term for any _________________________________, 2 key
cytokines include ________________ and ________________________. These are key in
activating phagocytes to respond to local infections.
Being “Sick”….
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Typical symptoms like ___________________, stuffy nose, ________________, and
____________ are a result of the body’s immune system trying to “_______________” of
invading pathogens; not the ___________________themselves!
Antibiotics
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Antibiotics are compounds which _____________________ the growth of bacteria. They are
____________________ to aid the immune system in either to fighting or
__________________________.
Allergies
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An allergy is an __________________________________________ or reaction to substances
that are generally ________________________.
_________________________ are molecules involved in local, innate immune responses. These
simple molecules trigger an _____________________________response to pathogen exposure.
Histamines are produced by ________________________________ called basophils, and by
______________ cells found in connective tissues. Histamine ___________________________
of the capillaries to ___________________________, allowing them better access to pathogens.
When triggered, mast cells, initiate a __________________________________ which result in
an ‘allergic’ response.
Vaccines
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A vaccine is a _________________________________________ designed to generate
_________________ and activate _____________________________. Because the introduced
pathogen is not _________________, it doesn’t make you sick, but does create
“____________________,” if _____________________________________________ in the
future.