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The Immune System: Study Guide The immune System : Primary Functions provides a series of _____________________________ against pathogens including: o o o o o o _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Key Culprits: Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria are _____________________ microbes which exist almost everywhere. Much smaller than ___________________ cells, bacteria can _____________ very quickly. There are about ___________________ bacteria cells on _______________________ right now! Unlike bacteria, _______________ are _____________________ infectious _____________ complexes which can only ____________ and _____________ inside a host cell. What is a “Virus?” Viruses are microscopic particles composed of a _______________ core wrapped in a _______________________. Most viruses are so small, they require a powerful ____________________________ to be seen. Simple in design, viruses can contain anywhere from _________________________ genes. A viruses ___________ coat is called the _____________. The capsid contains specialized ______________ designed to bind to _____________________ on _______ cells, tricking them to allow access inside… Once inside the virus then “____________” the host cell, using its machinery to ______________ and ________________ its ____________information and make new viruses. Because viruses must bind so ____________to ________________________ on cell surfaces, and then use the host’s _____________________ to replicate themselves, most viruses are ________________________ to the cells they infect. __________________ infect plant cells, _________ viruses only infect specific species of animals bacterial viruses only infect specific kinds of bacteria (these are called ____________________) There are 2 slightly different means by which viruses invade & replicate inside host cells. These include “________________________,” and “____________________________.” When a virus contains _______ instead of ________as its genetic blueprint, it is called a ______________. These viruses work ______________ inside the host cell by ______________________________ of their RNA, then incorporating it into the host cell’s DNA. ___________ is a retrovirus Many retroviruses are linked to ___________ in humans and other animals Because of their unique characteristics, viruses are often debated as to ____________________________________________________________________________ Organs of the Immune System Thymus – glandular organ _________________ where _____________________learn their jobs Bone marrow – ___________________ producing tissue located ________________________ Spleen – serves as a __________________________ by removing old and damaged __________ Lymph nodes/ vessels – ______________________ for immune cells, _________________, and other immune components. The 1st Line of Defense: The Innate Immune System Your ________ prevents nearly all ______________ from entering, however sometimes they find a way…. When this happens, an ________________, ___________________ cellular response is triggered. What is the name of the water resistant oily substance on your skin that keeps it dry and largely microbe free? ___________________ The 2nd Line of Defense: The Innate Immune System ______________________(made in bone marrow) recognize _________________________ on pathogens called _______________ and destroy them. 2 main types include ________________________ and ________________________… Granulocytes (also called _________________) are the first to attack foreign invaders, they recognize pathogens and _______________________________. These cells make up _____________ of your total “white” Blood cell count. Macrophages are ___________________ which _______________________ pathogens as _____________________________ remains. _______________________________________________________________ all indicate that phagocytes are present and doing their job. The 3rd (and final) Line of Defense: The Adaptive Immune System When the phagocytes cannot ___________________________________, a new line of immune cells become involved called ______________________. Unlike the __________________________________, Adaptive immunity is permanent, _____________________________, and involves the production of ____________________. There are 2 categories of lymphocytes generated in bone marrow: ___________and ___________ (these mature in the Thymus). Plasma B Cells- These lymphocytes (partially activated by macrophages) ____________________ on foreign invaders and create _____________ which attach to _____________________ and target them for destruction. Memory B Cells- Long-lived cells that “___________________” certain ____________ and can react quickly in response to a future exposure. Memory B Activation A _____________________encounters its matching _____________ and ____________it. The B cell then ______________________ of the antigen on its surface. This attracts _____________________ which bind to the B cell at the antigen site and release ____________. These stimulate the B cells to ____________ and to develop into_________________ or __________________________. The Adaptive Immune System : T-Cells- 3 Types Helper T Cells- Although they cannot _____________________________, these cells are crucial in _______________and _______________B-cells as well as maximizing the efficiency of __________________________. These cells themselves must be activated… T Cells can both ______________ and ______________ B cells from generating _____________. Killer T Cells- Also called ________________________, these lymphocytes target and destroy ____________________________ cells and _____________ cells ____________________ T Cells _____________________ the activities of B and T cells once the infection is under control. Initiating an Immune Response… Cytokines are ___________, simple ‘_________________’ proteins that are secreted by the ______________________ of the _______________ system as well as various immune cells. The term "cytokine" is a general term for any _________________________________, 2 key cytokines include ________________ and ________________________. These are key in activating phagocytes to respond to local infections. Being “Sick”…. Typical symptoms like ___________________, stuffy nose, ________________, and ____________ are a result of the body’s immune system trying to “_______________” of invading pathogens; not the ___________________themselves! Antibiotics Antibiotics are compounds which _____________________ the growth of bacteria. They are ____________________ to aid the immune system in either to fighting or __________________________. Allergies An allergy is an __________________________________________ or reaction to substances that are generally ________________________. _________________________ are molecules involved in local, innate immune responses. These simple molecules trigger an _____________________________response to pathogen exposure. Histamines are produced by ________________________________ called basophils, and by ______________ cells found in connective tissues. Histamine ___________________________ of the capillaries to ___________________________, allowing them better access to pathogens. When triggered, mast cells, initiate a __________________________________ which result in an ‘allergic’ response. Vaccines A vaccine is a _________________________________________ designed to generate _________________ and activate _____________________________. Because the introduced pathogen is not _________________, it doesn’t make you sick, but does create “____________________,” if _____________________________________________ in the future.