Download S2 rev pkt 2013(evol - body)

Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
page 1
Evolution Review (Ch 15, 16, 17, 18)
Ch 15:
1.
there.
traveled to the Galapagos Islands and made many observations about the organisms
2. Change over time is also known as
.
3. A well-supported testable explanation of phenomena in the natural world is a scientific
.
4.
proposed that the Earth is millions of years old (vs. thousands) due to the length of time it takes
for various geological formation to develop.
5.
emphasized that scientists must explain past events in terms of processes that they can
actually observe, since geological processes that shape the earth are still continuing in the present.
6.
proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain
traits during their lifetime. These traits could be passed on to their
, and eventually lead to a change in
species.
7.
thought that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, there would be insufficient
resources for everyone. War, famine & disease worked against this unchecked growth.
8. Farmers breeding the best milk-producing cows to increase milk-production in their herds is known as
.
9. Darwin’s theory of evolution includes these ideas:
a)
: members of species compete for food, water & shelter
b)
: organisms that are best fit for their environment survive & reproduce.
c)
time.
: today’s species have descended, with changes for other species over
10. The ability of an individual to survive & reproduce in its environment is
11. The
.
record shows that life on earth has changed over time.
12. Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called
structures.
Ch 16
13. All of the genes that are present in a population are called the
14. The number of times an allele occurs in the gene pool is the
15. In genetic terms, evolution is any
population.
.
of that gene.
in the
of alleles in a
16. The two main sources of genetic variation are:
a)
- changes in sequence of DNA
and b)
- resulting from sexual reproduction.
17. The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many
control the trait.
18. Random change in allele frequency is known as
populations.
. This usually occurs in
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
19.
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is a situation in which allele frequencies remain constant. There are 5
conditions necessary to maintain this:
a)
b)
c)
20.
d)
e)
is when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
21. When two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers or mountains, they are
isolated.
22.
in the Galapagos finches was the result of a founder population being isolated separate
groups that each became adapted to their unique environments. The end result was two separate populations that could
not interbreed.
Ch 17
23. In
, the position of a fossil is compared with fossils in other layers of rock. In
, the exact age of a fossil can be determined by analyzing the amount of radioactive isotope it
contains.
24. Carbon-14 has a half life of 5730 years. If a fossil has ¼ of the original amount of Carbon-14 left, how old is the fossil?
Years.
25. Mass
survived.
leave habitats open and provide ecological opportunities for organisms that have
26. When a single species evolves in diverse forms that live in different ways, this is called
.
27. The process in which unrelated organisms living in similar environments come to resemble each other is called
.
28. The process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called
.
29. Long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid changes is a pattern of evolution called
.
Ch 18
30. The scientific way of naming organisms is called
.
31. The largest taxa in Linneaus’ system is called a
.
32. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is called a
33. A
.
uses DNA comparisons to estimate the amount of time that 2 species have been evolving
independently.
34. The three domains are:
,
Ecology Review - Ch 3, 4, 5
Ch 3
1.
is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
2. The parts of the planet in which all life exists is called the
.
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
page 3
3. The collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their physical environment is an
.
4. A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area is called a
.
5. A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities is a
.
6. Organisms that can use energy from the environment to produce food are called
.
or
7. Organisms that obtain their energy by eating other organisms are called
.
or
8. The process in which organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates such as sugars &
starches is called
.
9. The process in which organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is called
10.
obtain energy by only eating plants.
animals. Humans and bears eat both plants and animals, and are
crabs feed on plant and animal remains (detritus), and are
down organic matter, and are
11. Energy flows through the ecosystem in
.
obtain energy by eating
. Earthworms, snails and
. Bacteria and fungi break
.
direction, from the sun to the
12. Each step in a food chain or food web is called a
13. Only
trophic level.
14. Matter is
.
and then to the
.
percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next
within and between ecosystems.
15. In the water cycle, heat energy causes
of the water in the ocean & other bodies of water.
Water returns to the Earth’s surface in the form of
, as water vapor cools, forms
clouds, and then rains or snows. Water evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of
can enter the atmosphere.
16. In the carbon cycle, plants use
and water to form carbohydrates. Living things release
carbon
into the atmosphere as a result of
.
17. Bacteria that live on the roots of legumes convert nitrogen into ammonia in the process of
.
18. Some bacteria in the soil convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in the process of
.
19. Unlike carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen,
does not enter into the atmosphere.
Ch 4
20. The day-to-day conditions of temperature and precipitation are known as
is the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature & precipitation in a particular region.
.
21. The earth’s temperature range is maintained by atmospheric gases of carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and other
gases in the
.
22. The three main climate zones on earth are a result of the differences in
and the angle of
.
The
zones are cold areas where the sun’s rays strike the earth a a low angle.
The
zones are near the equator, and receive direct sunlight year round.
The
zones are more affected by the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year.
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
23. The biological influences on an organism are called
influences on an organism are called
page 4
factors. The physical or nonliving
factors.
24. The range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives & the way in which the organism uses those
conditions is the organism’s
.
25. When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time
is
.
26. The
principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.
27. A relationship in which 2 species live closely together is called
. There are three types:
a) when both species benefit .
b) when one benefits and the other is harmed c) when one benefits and the other is not affected 28.
is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.
29. The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called ecological
In
, there is no soil, just rock in the beginning.
is the result of a disturbance in an existing community with out removing soil.
30. Lichens growing on bare rocks are examples of
rocks.
31. The
, as they can help break up the
biome is dry, with little rain. The dominant plants are cacti and succulents. The
biome are covered with grasses, and include predators such as lions, leopards, and
cheetahs. In the
biome, permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil) results in plants that
are small and stunted. The
biome has both deciduous and coniferous trees, has
cold winters and warm summers, and is home to deer, black bears, squirrels, raccoons and skunk. The
biome has dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees, with long cold winters
and short mild summers, and includes lynxes, timber wolves, moose and beavers. The
biome is hot and wet year-round, with the greatest number of species compared to all the other biomes.
Ch 5
32. Three important characteristics of a population are:
a)
- the area inhabited by a population
b)
- the number of individuals per unit area
c)
- the speed at which a population grows
33. A population will
34.
when the birthrate is greater than the death rate.
growth occurs when individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate (J- curve).
growth occurs when a population’s growth slows following a period of
growth (S-curve)
35. The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is the
.
36. Competition, predation, parasitism & disease are examples of
limiting factors.
37. Natural disasters and human intervention are examples of
limiting factors.
38. The movement of individuals out of an area is called
an area is called
.
Bacteria, Viruses & Immune System Review - Ch 19,40
Ch 19
; the movement of individuals into
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
1. The kingdom
everywhere. Their cell walls contain
Biology - Lenz
page 5
is the larger of the two kingdoms of bacteria. They are found almost
.
2. The kingdom
has organisms that live in particularly harsh environments, such as extremely
salty environments or in the digestive systems of other animals . Their DNA sequences are more like eukaryotes than
.
3. There are 3 shapes found in bacteria:
- sphere shaped.
- spiral shaped,
- rod shaped, and
4. Gram-staining can be used to stain the
of bacteria to aid in identification.
5. Prokaryotes that take in organic molecules for energy & carbon are known as
.
Prokaryotes that use light energy to convert CO2 & water to carbon compounds &
oxygen are known as
.
6. Some bacteria require a constant supply of oxygen to survive and are known as obligate
bacteria must live in the absence of oxygen and are known as
Bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen are
. Other
.
.
7. Bacteria can reproduce asexually by dividing into two daughter cells in the process of
. Bacteria can transfer genetic information by moving genes from one cell to the other through a hollow
bridge in the process of
.
8. When growth conditions are unfavorable, such as very cold or dry conditions, bacteria form structures called
.
9. Bacteria help the ecosystem recycle nutrients by breaking down nutrients in dead materials in their role as
.
10. Without bacteria, plants would not be able to obtain nitrogen in a form they can use. Bacteria can convert nitrogen gas
into a from plants can use in the process of
.
11. Humans use bacteria to produce
from water, and to help synthesize
, such as yogurt or cheese; to remove
through genetic engineering (i.e. pGLO).
12. A typical
of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a
is composed of a
.
13. Viruses that infect bacteria are called
.
14. Some viruses replicate themselves by entering a cell, making copies of itself and then causing the cell to burst in the
process of
. Other viruses integrate their DNA into the DNA of the host
cell, and the host cell replicates the viral DNA along with its own DNA in the process of
. The viral DNA embedded in the host DNA is called a
.
15. Viruses that contain RNA rather than DNA as their genetic information are
the virus that causes AIDS.
16. Bacteria can causes disease in two ways: directly damaging the
breaking down
for food; or releasing
host.
, such as
of an infected organism by
that interfere with the normal activity of the
17. To fight against bacterial disease, one can stimulate the body’s own immune system by injecting a
, which is a preparation of the killed or weakened pathogen. Bacteria can be destroyed through drugs called
, such as penicillin.
18. To control bacteria, one can kill it through heat in the process of
called
to kill it.
; or use chemical solutions
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
19. Viruses cause diseases by disturbing the body’s normal
page 6
.
Ch 40
20. Disease can be caused by the following agents:
- particles that invade & replicate in living cells;
such as botulism & anthrax;
- such as malaria or African sleeping sickness; parasitic
that enter humans or other animals; and
- that causes athlete’s foot.
21. Infectious diseases can be spread through:
contact – i.e. directly by touching an infected person,
or indirectly by touching objects that have droplets of pathogens on them from sneezing or coughing; through eating or
drinking
food & water; or through
such as
mosquitoes carrying malaria.
22. The purpose of the body’s first line of defense is to keep
out of the body. The body’s most important
nonspecific defense is the
. The second line of defense is the
response, which
is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. The immune system produces millions
of
cells, which move to enter infected tissues. An elevated body temperature or
, can help fight infection by slowing down or stopping the growth of pathogens.
23.
are proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help other cells resist infection.
24. The
response is the series of specific defenses that the immune system reacts to a pathogen that gets
beyond the body’s nonspecific defenses. The substance that triggers this is called an
, which could be
a virus, bacteria or another pathogen.
25.
immunity provides immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids.
lymphocytes recognize the antigens, and produce large numbers of
cells and memory
cells.
The plasma cells release
, which are proteins that recognize & bind to antigens.
Once the body has been exposed to a pathogen, the
B cells remain capable of producing antibodies
specific to that pathogen. So the second time an exposure to that pathogen occurs, the
B cells form new
plasma cells to produce
to destroy the pathogen.
26.
immunity is the body’s primary defense against its own cells when they are cancerous are infected
with viruses. T cells divide & differentiate into specialized T cells:
T cells track down & destroy the virus, bacteria, etc. that contains the foreign antigen.
T cells produce memory
cells, that will cause a secondary response if the same antigen
enters the body again.
27.
immunity is produced by the body’s reaction to an antigen, either naturally – from a fighting an infection,
or from a vaccine.
immunity provides temporary protection against disease by injecting antibodies
produced by other animals into the bloodstream.
28. The most common overreactions of the immune system to antigens are known as
antigens attach themselves to
cells that release chemicals called
. The
.
29. Diseases such as Type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, are
diseases.
30.
is an immunodeficiency disease that destroys helper T cells. It is caused by the
.
31. HIV can be transmitted through the exchange of
.
32.
,
,
is a disease in which cells multiply uncontrollably & destroy healthy tissue.
Kingdom Review - Ch 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 26.1
1. The kingdom
is made up of organisms that are multicellular autotrophs.
virus, which is a
, or
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
page 7
2. The kingdom
consists of multicellular heterotrophs that do not have cell walls.
3. The kingdom
multicellular heterotrophs.
is made up of organisms that have chitin in their cell walls, and that are
4. Euglenas, amoebas, and paramecium are single celled eukaryotes , and are examples of organisms from the kingdom
.
5. All algae are in the
kingdom.
6. Most of the organisms in the
kingdom do not have a backbone.
7. A
is the diploid (2N) phase of a plant, that produces
is the haploid (N) phase of a plant, that produces
.
. A
8. Multicellular fungi are made up of thin filaments, called
.
9. Both cone-bearing plants and flowering plants have
.
10. Starfish, snails, bears, and humans are members of the
kingdom.
11. Mushrooms, yeasts, and mildew are members of the kingdom
.
12. Ferns and mosses are members of the kingdom
.
Human Body review - Ch 35, 37, 38, 39
Ch 35
1. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism from smallest to largest are:
1)
2)
3)
4)
2. The process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in the external environment
is
.
3. The
and
system controls & coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to
stimuli.
4. In the neuron, shorter fibers that carry impulses towards the cell body are called
long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body is the
5. An impulse or
of the cell having a
, the
.
potential, is when there is a sudden reversal of the membrane potential, with the outside
charge, and the inside of the cell having a
charge.
6. The minimum level of stimulus required to activate a neuron is the
.
7. The neuron transfers the impulse to another cell at the
.
8. The central nervous system is made up of the
and
.
9. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the
division which transmits impulses from the sensory
organs, and the
division which transmits impulses to the muscles or glands.
10. Activities under voluntary control are regulated by the
control are regulated by the
11. The five categories of sensory receptors are:
,
,
nervous system; activities under involuntary
nervous system.
,
.
,
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
Biology - Lenz
page 8
12. Drugs that increase actions regulated by the nervous system are
rate of functions regulated by the nervous system are
, drugs that decrease the
.
Ch 37
13. The heart is made up of two pumps: the right side pumps blood from the heart to the
circulation; the left side pumps blood from the heart to the
circulation.
14. The largest vessels entering the heart are the
bring deoxygenated
to the heart.
15. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are
, and the vessels that return blood to the heart are the
, in
, in
and
, which
, the smallest blood vessels are
.
16. The fluid that blood cells are suspended in is called
.
17. The
aid in clotting.
blood cells carry oxygen, the
blood cells fight infection, and the
18. The
lost by the blood.
system is a network of vessels, nodes & organs that collects
, which is fluid
19. In the tiny sacs of the lungs called the
,
gas diffuses from the sac into the
blood, and
gas diffuses from the blood into the sac, to be exhaled.
20. When you inhale, the diaphragm muscle
cavity, causing air to enter the
, which expands the volume of the
.
Ch 38
21. The most important nutrient is
source of energy.
22.
. Your body uses
for its main
digestion includes cutting, tearing, and crushing food into small fragments. This starts when food
enters the body through the
.
helps moisten food and make it
easier to chew.
22. The large muscular sac the churns food and mixes it with pepsin and hydrochloric acid is called the
.
23. Most of the chemical digestion & absorption takes place in the
removes water from undigested material that is left.
. The
24. The
have a variety of functions that help maintain
- removing waste
products from the blood, maintaining blood pH, and regulating the water content of the blood.
25. The
helps purify the blood through filtration and reabsorption.
Ch 39
26. Chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to affect other cells in the body are
, or chemical messengers.
27.
glands release secretions directly to organs, while
hormones into the blood stream.
28.
hormones are produced from the lipid cholesterol. They can cross
easily.
glands release
Sem 2 Review packet 2013
29.
membranes of their
Biology - Lenz
30. The
gland secretes 9 hormones that regulate many body functions.
31. The
gland has the major role in controlling the body’s metabolism.
32. The pancreas helps maintain blood sugar levels thru 2 hormones:
33. The female gonads or
34.
page 9
hormones may be small peptides, amino acids or proteins. They cannot pass thru the cell
cells.
and
produce eggs. The male gonads or
are produced in the
produce sperm.
tubules, and mature in the
34. An egg is released during
. It enters one of two
, where if fertilized, it will implant and grow.
tubes, which carry it to the
35. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining disintegrates and is discharged in the process of
.
36. During
nervous system), the
the
, the blastocyst forms 3 layers: the
(that forms skin &
(forms the lining of the digestive system & many digestive organs), and
(forms many of the body’s internal tissues & organs).