Download Ch.11-14 Byzantine

 Strategic City-on a peninsula, Constantinople
overlooked the Bosporus, the narrow strait between
the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea.
 Water protected the city from the Germanic invaders.
 The strait made it perfect for trade.
 Mediterranean Sea
 Balkan Peninsula
 Russia
 Black Sea
 Caucasus Mountains
 The Roman empire divided in A.D. 395.
 The eastern half became known as Byzantine Empire.
 Constantinople is the perfect location between Europe
and Asia.
 Constantinople is the capital of the “Eastern Rome”.
 Strong imperial leadership
 Strategic location of its capital.
 Successful military conquest.
 Strong ties to church
 Emperor Justinian – Ruled the Byzantine Empire at its
height in A.D. 527.
 Justinian tried to restore the old Roman Empire ( it
was very expensive)
 Theodora- wife, empress was very intelligent. She
helped to shape his polices. She built homes for poor
and helped the status of women.
Emperor Justinian
Justinian’s Code
Corpus Juris Civilis:
1. Digest
2. Code
3. Institutes
 Corpus of Civil Law- Justinian reformed the Roman
Laws and appointed a commission to organize and
classify the laws.
 Later the Justinian Code became the basis for most
European legal system.
Justinian’s Empire at its Peak
 Justinian was plagued by attacks by the Persians and
the Germanic invaders. (Ostrogoths in Italy and Spain,
Visigoth is Southern Spain and the Lombard in
Northern Italy.)
 Emperor Justinian chose two Greek mathematicians to
design.
 Combines Greek balance and proportion with Roman
engineering skills.
 The Church is a vast rectangle and in the center is a
huge dome.
 The dome seems to look like it is floating in the
heavens.
 Byzantine Emperors appointed Church officials and
used the wealth of the Church for government
purpose.
 Justinian tried to unify the Church under one
Christian faith, this led to persecution of the Jews and
non- Greek Christians.
 Clergy- Church people, priest, ministers etc…
 Laity- Church goers, people that go to church.
 Conflicts over use of Icons- Some argued that the Bible
prohibits such images and others said they were
symbols of God’s presence in human affairs.
 Emperor Leo- (A.D. 726) Believed icons encouraged
superstitions and the worship of idols. His supporters
became known as Iconoclast or image breakers.
 The word icon is Greek for
“image”. In Byzantine art the
image on an icon is of a holy
person.
 Refusal to help Pope with military protection against
the Germanic Lombard’s in Italy.
 The Pope then turned to the Franks, Germanic
Catholic people in Western Europe.
 The Pope gave Charlemagne, the leader of the Franks,
the title of emperor.
 Schism - Separation
 1054 A.D. doctrinal,
political, and geographical
differences finally led to a
schism.
Split of the Christian church:
Roman Catholicism and
Eastern Orthodox.
 Carolinian Miniscule
 Curia
 Clovis
 Pope Urban II
 Battle of Tours
 Battle of Hastings
 Viking
 Henry II
 William the Conquer
 Chivalry
 Cardinals
 Charlemagne
 Serfs
 Magna Carta
 Fiefs
 Heresy
 Feudalism
 Inquisition
 Excommunication
 Interdict
 Saldein
 vassals
Middle Ages (Between Dark Ages and
Renaissance)
 Germanic invasions destroyed the Roman Empire
by A.D. 476
 Dark Age- trade declined, money was no longer
used, law and order did not exist, education almost
disappeared. ( Transition between ancient and
modern times.)
 Franks- Clovis was king of the Franks who settled
in France and Western Germany. Clovis was the
first Frankish ruler to accept Catholicism. Louis
 Frankish rulers divided the kingdom among their heirs
until the political power had passed from the kings to
the government officials known as mayor of the palace.
 Charles Martel- Mayor of the Palace in A.D. 714, he
had defeated the Muslims and gained much respect.
 Battle of Tours
Pepin the Short- son of Charles Martel became King of
the Franks in A.D. 752.
The pope anointed Pepin and had the Church’s blessing.
Pepin forced the Lombard's out of Rome. He then gave
the pope a piece of land in central Italy. Papal States
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Charlemagne- son of Pepin the Short became king
in A.D. 768. Charlemagne is one of Europe’s greatest
monarchs. He started the Carolingian dynasty. He
doubled the Frankish kingdom and reinstated law
and education of the Old Roman days.
 Pope Leo III –
Charlemagne defended
him against the Roman
nobles. To thank him,
the pope, crowned
Charlemagne the New
Holy Roman Emperor.
 Counts- local officials who Charlemagne
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depended on…..Missi Dominici to spy on the
counts.
Education for boys and girls
Carolingian miniscule-form of writing
Raised armies for the emperor
Charlemagne’s three grandsons fought for control
of empire and finally agreed in the Treaty of
Verdun to divide the Carolingian lands.
 Charlemagne’s empire
was divided between
his grandchildren.
 Louis the German Charles the BaldFrance
 Lothair- Italy
 Raided Ireland to Russia.
 Norsemen, Northmen or
Vikings
 Scandinavia (Norway,
Sweden, & Denmark)
 Eric the Red
 Leif EricksonNewfoundland
 Norwegians settled in
Greenland an Iceland
and North America.
 Danes settled in
England and
established Normandy
in northwestern
France.
 The Swedes settled in
present-day Ukraine
and Russia.
 Normandy-Northern
France
Europeans finally worked out a way to defend
themselves. Castles
Europeans learned to respond quickly.
Vikings converted to Christianity.
Europe’s climate got warmer.
 Feudalism – political system
 Manorialism- economic system
 Fiefs- Estates with peasants given to the cavalry of
Charles Martel in return for their service.
 Mutual alliances
between monarchs
and nobles. It was
based on giving land to
nobles in exchange for
loyalty and military
aid.
 Castles were built to protect the lord and his land.
 Origins in early Byzantine Empire
 Muslim conquerors of Spain built similar structures.
 Spread to France in the 1100’s and were used as private
fortresses and homes.
 Purpose was for
military security
 Castles were dark and
dingy and not very
“warm” and were made
of thick stone walls.
 Life of Nobility was not
luxurious. (Lords,
Ladies, and Knights)
 In the feudal system investiture was the ceremonial
transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.
 The lord invested the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a
symbol of the land or office conveyed in return for an
oath of fealty.
 Knights- train for knighthood at age 7 by
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becoming a page or assistant.
Squire at age 15 a boy had to prove himself worthy
to be a knight.
Chivalry was the code for knights to be brave in
battle, fight fairly, and treat noblewoman in a
courteous manner.
Tournaments- Mock battles between knights.
Vassals-A person who held land from a feudal lord
and received protection in return for homage and
allegiance.
 Manorialism- System of
agricultural production
among lords and peasants.
The Manor would include
the lord’s manor house,
pastures, fields, forest, and
a village for the peasants to
live in. Peasants worked in
return for food, shelter,
and protection.
 Serfs- most peasants were:
they were bound to the
manor and could not leave
without permission. They
were not slaves, they could
not be sold.
 Improvements of farming:
heavier plow and dividing
plots of land into three
instead of two fields and they
left one field unplanted.
 The role of women
changed.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Limited home or
convent
 It was in marriage that
a woman had the
greatest power/
independence
 Medieval society was a hierarchy based on leaders
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from the top to bottom. Each medieval person’s
duties were based on his/her position in life.
People did not question their standing in life.
King
Lords
Knights
Priests
Merchant
serfs
 Fairs- served as centers of trade in Medieval Europe
 Attracted merchants form all over the Western
Europe.
 Held four times a year: winter, Easter, midsummer, and
October.
 Uniformity- goal of the Medieval church to unify
Western Europe Center of most people’s lives during
the Medieval Ages was the Catholic Church.
 It became the religious support, spiritual guidance,
education, medical care and charity of the people.
 The Church taught that all people were sinners and
they depended on God’s grace or favor through the
Sacraments or church rituals.
 These seven sacraments are still taught through the
Catholic Church.
 Baptism, penance, Eucharist, confirmation,
matrimony, anointing of the sick, and holy orders.
 Latin was the language of the Church and few people
understood it.
 Priests were uneducated and the people could not read
or write, people learned about the Christian faith from
the statues and painting on the walls of the churches.
 Secular clergy- Latin for “ in the world”; pope,
bishops, and priests
 Regular clergy- included monks and nuns who lived
apart from society.
 Benedict- A.D. 529 a
Roman official founded a
monastery in Monte
Cassino in Italy. Model for
other monasteries and
drew up a list of rules for
monks.
 Monks- life of poverty,
chastity, and obedience to
the Abbot.
 Nuns – same vows as
monks only direction of
the Abbess.
 Monks and Nuns
preserved ancient
religious works, copied
classical books by
hand, illuminated
manuscripts books,
provided schools,
hospitals, food, guest
houses for travelers,
and missionaries.
 Pretzel – creation of medieval monks to give to
children as rewards for memorizing prayers. Latin for
“Pretiola”, or small reward. The shape represented the
folded arms of children in prayer.
 Church power got to strong and the Church would
appoint special church positions to nobles who have
helped them.
 Christians wanted reform!!!
 Cardinals-all future popes would be elected by
leading bishops.
 Political leaders used to vote for the pope, now a group
of cardinals would elect one.
 The Pope is elected by a gathering of cardinals call a
“conclave”.
 They meet no later than the 20th day after the death of
a pope. They vote secretly for a a 2/3 majority on a
candidate.
 Pope Gregory VII – reform – minded people elected in
1073
 Proposed the practice of Lay Investiture in which
secular rulers gave the symbols of office, such as a ring
to the bishops they had appointed.
 Pope Innocent III- stopped the spread of heresy, or the
denial of basic church teaching, and threatened the
heretics with excommunication, or expulsion from
the church.
 Interdict- no religious ceremonies in that Nations.
 Pope Gregory VII clashed with Henry IV
 Banned all married priests.
 Banned lay investiture
 Henry IV called the Pope Gregory VII names.
 Pope Gregory VII Excommunication Henry
 1077 Henry IV begged forgiveness
 Concordant of Worms-Church would grant a bishop His
ring.
 Inquisition – Church set up a court in 1232 to punish
heretics.
 Heretic is someone who goes against god.
 Friars- reformers of the Church, wandering preachers
who followed the rules of the monastery but lived
among the people and preached Christianity to them.
 The Jews- the most powerful source of anti- Semitism
during the Middle Ages was the way the Christian
doctrine was interpreted. Many Church leaders and
others blamed the Jews for Jesus’ death.
 Guilds- skilled labor, had to be Christian.
 No Jews allowed.
 England:
 Alfred the Great- united
the Anglo- Saxon
kingdoms and defeated
the Danes in 866. His
kingdom became
known as England.
 William Duke of
Normandy wanted the
English throne-fought
against Harold
Godwinson.
 Henry II – William’s grandson who set up the system
of common law, grand jury, and a petit jury.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine – wife of Henry and she owned
vast lands in southwestern France. Sons were Richard
I ( the lionhearted) and John.
 Magna Carta – Balanced power in government, placed
clear limits on royal power and bound the king to law.
Example: the king could no longer collect taxes
without the people’s consent. It also assured all
freemen the right of trial by jury.
 John- un-liked and
unpopular because he
increased the taxes and
punished enemies
without a trial. Nobles
forced him to sign the
Magna Carta
 Parliament – Knights, burgesses (townspeople) were
added to the Great Council that advised King Henry
III.
 1400 Parliament divided into two chambers.
 House of Lords – nobles and clergy
 House of Commons – knights and burgesses
 Estates- general- assembly of nobles, clergy, and
townspeople but was never as powerful as the English
Parliament started by Louis IX’s grandson, Philip IV.
 Series of military expeditions undertaken by European
Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
 1050-1270 A.D.
 Jerusalem- Holy city for Jews, Christians, & Muslims,
the city fell to the Arabs.
 Pope Urban II in 1096 called for a Crusade
 Pope goal- unite all Christians (Byzantine & Rome)
 Knights goal- Forgiveness sins ( glory & wealth)
 Merchants goal- trade ( Genoa, Piza, Venice)
 Caused tension among
the Christians and non
Christians.
 Crusaders massacred
most of the Muslims
and Jews in Jerusalem
in 1099.
 50 years after the First
Crusade the Seljuk
Turks conquered part
of the Crusader states.
They were not
successful
 In 1187 he united the
Muslim forces &
captured Jerusalem.
 Third Crusades started
by the rulers of
Germany, France, &
England.
 All forces of religion, feudalism, & chivalry got
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together.
New trade Europe, Middle East, & Asia
New spices, technology
End of the Middle Ages
New inventions.
The crusades helped to speed up the changes that were
already in play.
 Early merchants used the Barber
system:
 The money economy replaced it.
 This led to the development of
banking.
 Serfs-began to buy their freedom
feudalism declined.
 Black Death killed
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Europeans from 1348-1350.
25% of Europeans died.
Cause of the plague?
The Black Plague was
caused by infected rodents
carrying the virus.
“Grim Reaper”
The first symptoms of the bubonic plague often appear within several
days:
headache and a general feeling of weakness, followed by aches and
chills in the upper leg and groin, a white coating on the tongue rapid
pulse, slurred speech, confusion, fatigue, apathy and a staggering gait. A
blackish pustule usually will form at the point of the flea bite. By the
third day, the lymph nodes begin to swell. The swelling will be tender,
perhaps as large as an egg. The heart begins to flutter rapidly as it tries
to pump blood through swollen, suffocating tissues Subcutaneous
hemorrhaging occurs, causing purplish blotches on the skin. The victims
nervous system begins to collapse, causing dreadful pain and bizarre
neurological disorders, from which the "Dance of Death" rituals that
accompanied the plague may have taken their inspiration. By the fourth
or fifth day, wild anxiety and terror overtake the sufferer-and then a
sense of resignation, as the skin blackens and the rictus of death settles
on the body (Smithsonian, 70).
Ring Around the Rosie”
This nursery rhyme began about 1347 and derives from the notso-delightful Black Plague
which killed over twenty-five million people in the fourteenth
century. The "ring around a rosie" refers to the round, red rash
that is the first symptom of the disease. The practice of carrying
flowers and placing them around the infected person for
protection is described in the phrase, "a pocket full of posies."
"Ashes" is a corruption or imitation of the sneezing sounds made
by the infected person. Finally, "we all fall down" describes the
many dead resulting from the disease.
 Most important
scholastic thinker.
 He claimed that reason
existed in harmony with
faith.
 Universities spread the advancement of literature and
art.
 One of the earliest literary works was “Beowulf”
 Arabs- had established universities 200 years earlier
than the Europeans.
 1100’s traveling poet-musicians who composed poems
and songs about love and the accomplishments of
knights.
 Romance referred to the narratives written in the
Vernacular.
 Vernacular- everyday language or speech.
 England and France
fought a series of
conflicts. Reason) The
English tried to keep
the French lands that
they had received from
the Normans.
 Normandy
 Conflict began when the England’s Edward III claimed
the French crown.
 The English were successful at first because they had
weapons of firearm and the longbow.
 She believe to hear voices
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telling her to save France.
dauphin gain the French
throne
She is considered the First
French hero.
Maid of Orleans
She was captured and
burned to a stake.
 Joan heard a voices telling her to place Charles VL”s
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son on the throne.
Dauphin- french term for crown prince
Reims-Charles VII was crowned
Joan was captured and burned at the stake.
Gabella- tax on salt
Batliffs-
 Knights are outdated (old school)
 Kings replaced knights with national armies.
 England monarch’s power was limited by Parliament.
 Conflict arose between the English nobility for control
of the throne.
Rose symbols of the rival families involved.
House of York—white rose
House of Lancaster- red rose
Edward, Duke of York, became King Edward IV.
At the time of his death, two brothers were given
the throne.
 Their uncle Richard proclaimed himself King.
 Uncle Richard had his nephews murdered.
 Henry Tudor, conquered Richard, became the
first Tudor King.
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 Made up of Portugal in
the west.
 Castile in the center.
 Aragon on the
Mediterranean coast.
 Granada-in the south
were in the hands of
the Muslims. (moors)
 1492 Both Ferdinand
and Isabella kicked out
the Muslims from
Spain.
 Spain use the Spanish
Inquisition to enforced
Catholic teachings.
 Reconquista
 During the Middle Ages it was made up of German,
Italian, and Slavs.
 The Hapsburgs- a family of nobles in Austria.
 They will become the most powerful European royal
family.
 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome form Avignon.
 Mobs of people forced the College of Cardinals to
elect an Italian pope.
 They elected a second pope-who settled in
Avignon.
 Two popes now led the church.
1414 another council met in Germany –forced the
two popes to resign.
Pope Martin V was elected the new pope.
 Bulls- official statement from the pope.
 Unam Sanctam- a pope statement that there were
only two powers:
 Temporal-early
 Spiritual- heavenly
 Englishman Wycliffe
 True head of the church was Jesus Christ, not the
pope.
 Priests should not own land or wealth.
 Bible only authority not the pope.
 Translated the New Testament in English.
 Hus Bohemia
 He argued that the
Bible was the only way
to seek God.
 He was declared a
Heretic and burned at
the stake.
 Moscow- Volga, Dnieper, and Con Rivers
 Ivan I “Great Prince
 Kremlin- Fortress or citadel
 Ural Mountains
 Boyars- princes
 Ivan the Terrible
 Henry II
 Normandy
 Richard the Lionhearted
 Parliament
 Boyars
 Bulls
 Kremlin
 Batliffs
 Ural
 Great Schism
 Henry Tudor
 John Hus
 War of the Roses
 Bubonic Plague
 Dauphin
 John Wycliffe
 Joan of Arc
 Estates General
 Ivan the Terrible
 King John
 Reconquista
 Magna Carta
 Hundred Years War
 Burgesses
 Unam Sanctam