Download Midterm Review: Living Environment Enzymes

Midterm Review: Living Environment
Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts that help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. They speed up
the reaction they are involved in and are reused Enzymes are made of proteins. Enzymes
usually end in the suffix ( -ase).
The rate of reaction may be affected by TEMPERATURE, CONCENTRATION and pH.
Enzymes are reaction specific: one enzyme for one reaction.
LOCK & KEY
The Scientific Method
Control: It is a factor or variable that you keep the same. What you compare your results to.
Independent variable: The variable that you purposefully change
Dependent variable: What you measure, influenced by the Independent Variable
Hypothesis: A prediction that can be tested: NEVER written in the form of a question. Must be a
statement and can be stated with ‘If …. then…’.
Sample size: The group being tested. The larger the sample size, the more valid the results.
Experimental and control group should always have the same sample size.
Experimental variable: What is being tested. There must only be ONE experimental variable per
experiment.
Conclusion: A summary of an experiment
Internal Cell Structure & Organelles
The levels of organization: Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems --> Organism
Diffusion Through A Membrane
In the Final State…. Iodine enters the cell and Glucose leaves the cell. Starch cannot leave
the cell, since Starch molecules are too large. The cell turns a bluish/black color due to the
Iodine (Starch Indicator) and the Starch reacting with each other. Starch (milky white) +
starch indicator (brown) = blue-black color. The inside of the bag turns blue-black while the
outside stays brown, proving that indicator went in, but starch did not leave.
Glucose indicator (Benedicts) (blue) + glucose (clear) + HEAT = green, brown, red, or orange
Diffusion – movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration – no energy needed (passive transport)
Osmosis – diffusion of water across a semipermeable cell membrane from region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration – no energy needed (passive transport)
Onion Slide: Make a wet mount slide of a thin section of red onion cells. A small piece is
placed in a drop of water on a microscope slide. A cover slip is placed on top by touching it
to the water at an angle, and then carefully placing it on the specimen, trying not to get air
bubbles underneath.
You should observe the following:
Place a 10% salt solution under the cover slip. This is done by putting a drop of salt
solution next to one edge of the cover slip, then absorbing water from the opposite side of
the slip using a paper towel. See below:
After a short period of time, you should observe the following under the microscope:
Cells placed in very salty solutions will lose water, causing them to collapse and possibly lose
the ability to complete life functions. (DEHYDRATION)
MAKING CONECTIONS
Pulse – results from expansion of arteries each time your heartbeats to send a surge
of blood through your body
Resting pulse: pulse rate measured for one minute while not doing any physical
activity. (control group)
Control group: This group is used to compare with an experimental group. Without
this group, the results may be invalid
After exercise, pulse increased
• heart beats faster - increasing circulation - to carry more oxygen and nutrients
to the cells of the body
• breathe faster to obtain more O2 and release CO2
• respiratory and circulatory systems working together to maintain homeostasis
Organ systems interact in order to maintain homeostasis.
• Circulatory and Respiratory System:
– Respiratory brings in oxygen into lungs which diffuses into arteries, circulatory
system transports oxygen to cells and waste away from cells. Carbon dioxide waste
leaves from lungs in respiratory system.
• Circulatory and Digestive System:
– Digestive system breaks down food (glucose) into nutrients. In the intestines,
nutrients are absorbed into the blood and the circulatory system transports
nutrients to cells to be used for cellular respiration
• Digestive and Respiratory
– Respiratory brings in oxygen and digestive system breaks down food into glucose.
Both are used by the cells for cellular respiration.
A clothespin was squeezed rapidly for one minute. The number of times that it was
squeezed was recorded. The clothespin was squeezed the same way for another
minute. The second time produced a lesser number of squeezes for most people due
to muscle fatigue.
THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
System
Function
1.
Digestive
take in food
(ingestion)
2.
digest food into
smaller molecules
and
absorb
nutrients
3. remove indigestible food
from body (feces)
Diagram
Major Organs
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach,
Sm. Intestine,
Lg. intestine,
rectum, anus
Salivary glands,
pancreas, liver, gall
bladder
InteractionsWorking with Other
Systems
1.w/circulatory – absorb &
deliver the digested
nutrients to the cells
2.w/muscular – control the
contractions of many of the
digestive organs to pass
food along
3.w/nervous
–
hypothalamus
maintains
homeostasis by triggering
appetite
(stomach growling), digest.
Circulatory
Nervous
Transport materials
to and from cells
1. gathers and
interprets
information
2. responds to
information
3. helps maintain
homeostasis
1. removes waste
products from
Excretory
cellular
metabolism
(urea, water, CO2)
2. filters blood
Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Blood cells
Red: transports
O2
White: Fights
infection
Platelet: clots
blood
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Nerve cells =
neurons
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Lungs
Skin – sweat
glands
Liver (produces
urea)
1.
w/respiratory – deliver O2
from lungs to cells and drop off
CO2 from cells to lungs
2.
w/digestive – absorb and
deliver digested nutrients to
cells 3. w/excretory – kidneys
filter cellular waste out of blood
for removal
4.
w/lymphatic
–
both
transport things to and from cells
5.
w/immune – transports
WBCs throughout body to fight
disease 6. w/nervous – brain
controls heartbeat
7. w/endocrine – trans. hormones
Controls all other
systems
1. w/circulatory – filters
waste out of blood
2. w/lungs – removes
excretory waste
3. w/integumentary –
removes excretory
waste
Takes in
oxygen and
Respiratory
removes
carbon
dioxide and
water
Regulat
E Endocrine es body
activiti
es
using
hormon
es.
Slow
respons
e, long
lasting
Immune
Fights off
foreign
invaders in
the body
Nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli lungs
Glands
*Hypothalamus
*Pituitary
*Thyroid
*Thymus
*Adrenal
*Pancreas
*Ovaries
*Testes
1.w/circulatory – takes in O2 for delivery to cell
and removes CO2 brought from cells
2.w/excretory – removes excretory waste
3.w/nervous – controls breathing
4.w/muscular – diaphragm controls breathing
1.w/circulatory – transports hormones to
target organs
2.w/nervous – maintain homeostasis,
hormone release
3.w/reproductive – controlled by
hormones 4. w/skeletal – controls growth
of bones
Glands produce
Hormones
White Blood Cells
*T cells
*B cells- produce
antibodies
*Macrophages
1.w/circulatory – transports WBCs to
fight invaders
2.w/lymphatic – has lots of WBCs to
fight invaders, spleen filters
bacteria/viruses out of blood
3.w/skeletal – WBCs made in bone
marrow
4. w/integumentary – prevents invaders
from getting in