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35 ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) UDC 621.891 D.Y. ZHURAVLEV Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine THE INTEGRATED FIELD OF INTERACTION OF METAL-POLYMER FRICTION PAIRS The integrated field applied to the metal-polymer pair friction of the band-shoe brakes is illustrated on the basis of the contact-impulse interaction of the surface microprojections. The integrated field includes electric, magnetic and heat fields which are interrelated. Key words: metal-polymer pair friction, contact-impulse interaction, electric and heat field, integrated field of interaction. Introduction. The work [1] which has appeared recently concerning a uniform field of interaction of the Universe forced us will address to possibility of an assessment of a uniform field of interaction with reference to metalpolymeric pairs of friction of brake mechanisms. An assessment of a uniform field of interaction give in that case to considered system if in it irreversible processes take place. The last are an integral part of contact and pulse interaction of microledges of surfaces of metalpolymeric pairs of friction. In the light of the foregoing also we will stop on a condition of this problem. Problem condition. Metalpolymeric pairs of friction of brake mechanisms belong to open electrodynamic systems, both in closed, and in the opened condition. The specified systems exchange energiya and gaseous substances with environment, changing thus structure and properties of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of metalpolymeric pairs of friction, especially polymeric frictional slips. Thus on cooperating surfaces of a friction secondary structures as a result of joint action of deformation, electric, magnetic, thermal, vibrating, adsorbtsionny, diffusive and chemical processes are formed. The most part from them is internal in connection with the electronic and ion theory with reference to metals, semiconductors and dielectrics. Besides, in the course of braking there is a continuous dissipatsiya of mechanical energy in electric and thermal. Thus, to the last it is assigned a part predominating in all processes. Regularities of the specified transformations are defined by properties and structures tribomaterials, nature of contact and pulse loading and structure of the technological environment. On the basis of above stated we will pass to consideration of power levels of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of polymeric slips. Power levels of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of polymeric slips. Active dielectrics are the material environment, allowing to reach direct transformation of energy and information. The specified converting functions are caused by physical structure and a chemical composition of frictional polymeric materials and their superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers. Classification of the main physical effects which appeared to some extent in a polymeric slip at its work in frictional knot is given in tab. 1. Table 1 The main effects in "active" (smart) dielectrics Response Influence The mechanical The electric The magnetic The thermal 36 ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) Electric field Return пьезоэффект Polarization, electric current Electromagnet ic effect Magnetic field Magnetostrictio n Magnetoelectr ic effect Magnetization Mechanical tension Deformation Straight line пьезоэффект Pyezomagnitny effect Elektrokalorichesky effect Magnitokalorichesky effect Elastic the thermal effect Warmth change Thermal expansion Piroelektrichesky effect Termomag nitny effect Thermal capacity For ordering and presentation used the influence response method. Impact on a polymeric slip is made from the outside when braking. Thus depending on a mode of loading of frictional knot in a slip there are various fields (mechanical, electric, magnetic and thermal). In polymeric slips the main influence renders electric field. When studying impact on them other types of fields (mechanical, thermal, magnetic) it is necessary to consider change of electric properties of its superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers. By "response" of frictional materials of a polymeric slip mean the physical phenomena induced in them. It can be not only an electric current or electric potential (created by charges on a surface and in a pripoverkhnostny layer of a polymeric slip), but also deformations, magnetization, change of superficial and volume temperature, etc. As influences vector fields serve: electric, magnetic, thermal and tenzorny fields, for example, field of mechanical tension. The weakest influence from above-mentioned fields the magnetic field which in most cases does not change properties of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of a polymeric slip as they are, mainly, diamagnetics or paramagnetics possesses. Comparative analysis of power zones of materials of pairs of friction of brake mechanisms. The structure of power zones of electrons in crystal polymers and metals is qualitatively various [2]. At rapprochement of atoms and formation of a crystal electronic levels of energy of atoms at the expense of their interaction are split, forming zones (fig. 1). a b c d Fig. 1. Comparison of power zones of dielectric (a) the semiconductor (b), semi-metal (c) and metal (d): CZ – a conductivity zone; VZ – valency zone; PC – a power crack Especially strong splitting occurs in electric levels of external (valency) electrons as they cooperate with each other, than electrons of deep covers of atom more strongly. The type of electronic ranges of crystals depends on features of nuclear wave functions of particles and from extent of their overlapping at rapprochement of atoms in the course of formation of a crystal. It is established that power levels of zones of electrons and ions in materials of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pair depending on modes of braking should provide sufficient power consumption at regulated conductivity (see fig. 1). ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) 37 Comparison of power ranges of metals, semi-metals, semi-conductor dielectrics showed the following (fig. 2). In metals distinction in energy between a valency zone and a zone of conductivity is insignificant, owing to what electrons easily change energy, passing from level to level. Electrons in metals are almost free, they are not localized and belong to all crystal, not forming spatial directed communications between ions. In all other crystals the majority of electrons is to some extent localized. Energy of excitement is almost equal in semi-metals to zero so even at T temperature = 0 there should be the mobile electrons providing infinitely big conductivity. Nevertheless, already in semi-metals the most part of electrons is localized between atoms and forms in a crystal prostranstvenno the directed communications. a b c d Fig. 2. Distribution of density of electronic levels in ranges (the filled levels are shaded): a – metal with odd number of electrons in an elementary cell; b – dielectric (semiconductor) with a crack ΔW between the filled zone (valency) and empty zone (a conductivity zone); c – metal with even number of electrons in a cell and overlapping of the empty and filled zones; d – semimetal In semiconductors (mainly, covalent crystals) valency electrons form accurately directed орбитали, connecting atoms, and energy of excitement (ΔW) exceeds thermal energy (ΔW> kT). Created in superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction the thermoelements including semiconductors with p-n by transition and united in microthermobatteries, possess straightening properties. The direct direction of a potential barrier of a blanket of a metal element of a friction is connected with a tension gradient provided that external tension moves electrons to the left, and the opposite direction carries out functions of a locking zone. However for realization of straightening properties unessentially that n-p conductors were divided by binding components of thermoelements. In practice it is accepted to enter into the semiconductor (thermoelement) donors and acceptors, forming thus p-n transition somewhere in a thermoelement which is already separate microthermobattery. So, for example, the germanic film layer can be supplied with an indium electrode on the one hand and an antimonial layer with another, then is heated up so that atoms of electrodes diffuse in a germanic lattice. As a result of it atoms India become acceptors, and atoms of antimony – donors. Such recombination of electrons and holes in film microthermobatteries allows to change a tension gradient, both in internal, and in an external chain at the expense of diffusive currents which influence work of an exit of electrons from a metal element of a friction. This circumstance indicates need of a new approach to a choice of materials of pair of friction, proceeding from power level of their superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers. On energiya of the resolved zones, it is accepted to describe an electronic power range of crystals, i.e. distribution of electrons in space of quasiimpulses (in a return crystal lattice). The law of dispersion of W (p) represents simple parabolic function: W 2k 2 p 2 / 2m , 2m (1) 38 ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) where m – mass of an electron. Complicates the accounting of periodic potential of a crystal lattice this dependence (Bloha method), leading to gaps in parabolic dependence of W (p) in the field of a power crack (the forbidden zone) (see fig. 1). Function W (p) is continuous in various intervals of space of the impulses called by zones of Brillyuen (for example, area-π/a ≤ k ≤ π/a, etc.). Upon transition from Brillyuen's one zone to another this function undergoes gaps. On fig. 2 classification of crystals by a power range of their electrons is presented in a bit different look (see fig. 1). Zones of an electronic range allow to construct models of various options of electronic ranges of crystals for three main cases: – zones of an electric range of electrons are not blocked (see fig. 2, a, b); – zones of a power range of electrons are blocked (see fig. 2, c, d); – zones of a power range of electrons adjoin without overlapping. In the first case electrons occupy levels with the smallest energy. In the main condition (T = 0) the border of this filling separating in space of impulses filled area from the blank part of a zone, is called as F Fermi's surface. At T> 0 border of this surface is washed away, as at the expense of thermal vozbuzhdeniye (backgrounds) the part of electrons leaves above F, in space below F the part of levels is released. As the distance between levels in a zone is not enough, already as much as small external electric field (~10-22 eV) increases energy of electrons and leads to the elektroprovodnost of metals limited only to dispersion of electrons on restrictions of a lattice. At temperature fall conductivity of metals grows: at T → 0, σ →∞. Fermi's surface in crystals with a power crack in an electronic range is absent, but the middle of this crack (in the absence of impurity and local levels) is called as F0 Fermi's level (see fig. 2,). For elektroprovodnost excitement in these crystals it is necessary, that at the expense of thermal fluctuations or other power factors the valency zone (the hole mechanism of an elektroprovodnost) was partially released or partially the conductivity zone (the electronic mechanism of an elektroprovodnost) became populated electrons. In the second case Fermi's surface of semi-metals has gaps, and their conductivity on some orders on size is lower, than at metals. In the third case crystals of this rare class are called as besshchelevy semiconductors. Fermi's surface of such semiconductors represents the line or a point in space of impulses. In besshchelevy semiconductors electrons rather easily (in comparison with ordinary semiconductors) pass to a conductivity zone that results in essential distinctions in dynamic properties of carriers of a charge in these substances. The special condition of a metal element of a friction is observed at temperatures above admissible for materials of a polymeric slip which is shined in works [3; 4]. The assessment from the point of view of power expenses to such metal element of a friction should occur on other parameters. On the basis of the foregoing we will consider a uniform field of power levels of interaction of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pair. Uniform field of interaction of metalpolymeric pairs of friction. For observance of principles of a uniform field of interaction performance of a condition of coherence of properties of a topological surface of elements of pair of friction with microledges which are considered as uniform volume, instead of as the sum of two volumes separated from each other, or, more strictly, the nonempty not being crossed open closed subsets (subgroups) is necessary. ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) 39 Subset are fields (electric, magnetic and thermal). The analysis of a problem of search of a uniform field of interaction (contact and pulse) microledges of surfaces of a friction of metalpolymeric pair we will begin with that we will give analogy of the analytical dependences describing formed on their surfaces electric and magnetic fields: qЭqЭ (2) F ЭЛ 1 2 ; 40 r 2 qМ qМ F МГ 1 2 . (3) 40 r 2 where qЭ, qМ – electric and magnetic charges; ε0, μ0 – electric and magnetic permeability; r–distance between charges. Let's provide the detailed description of units of measure specified above constants. So, for example, size and a unit of measure of the given electric permeability of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pair 0 ö/m where an elektroyemkost C q Э / Э – Farada=kulon Volt answers the relation of an electric charge "Pendent" to electric potential Joule/pendent = Volt. Similar to, for the given magnetic permeability 0 4 L Гн/м (Henry/meter) where inductance of L=qM/φM – Henry = Weber/ampere is defined by the relation of a magnetic charge (stream) of Volts · with = Weber to magnetic potential Joule / Weber = Ampere. Thus the operational Volt and Ampere parameters entering into components given above dependences, have scalar essence with reference to electric and magnetic potential. Let's pass to cross consideration of electric and magnetic fields. It is known that corpuscular electromagnetic characteristics of a microparticle are an electric charge q Э n e (where n – integers; е–an electron charge), defining its electric properties, and own angular moment S n / 2 (where ћ – Planck's modified constant) – the backs, responsible for magnetic properties. And backs it is inseparably linked with a charge of a magnetic dipole of a particle q M n2 / 2e . About specified cross взаи modeystviya that fact testifies that both different charges of qЭ and qМ contain in one elementary carrier where backs of a microparticle grows out of electromagnetic interaction of its own electric and magnetic charge. Let's consider a thermal field of metalpolymeric pairs of friction. Heatexchange processes are given in tab. 2 at interaction of metalpolymeric pairs of friction in which in analytical dependence (4) at definition of konduktivny heat exchange the t temperature gradient is applied and at convective (5) and the radiating (6) Q compelled cooling the gradient of quantity of warmth is used . All gradients are carried to a unit of time. Table 2 Heatexchange processes at interaction of elements of a friction metalpolymeric pair Type of heat exchange Konduktivny Settlement dependences t Q / mc (4) 40 ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) The compelled cooling: the convective; the radiating Q t1 t2 Q e1c1 At14 t24 (5) (6) In the given dependences (4–6) (tab. 2) the following designations are used: Δt/Δτ – a temperature gradient, zs/c; ΔQ – change of thermal energy, J; m–mass of a layer of an element of a friction, kg: with – a thermal capacity of an element of a friction, J / (kg · ºС); α – factor of heatreturn from surfaces of a metal element of a friction, W / (sq.m · ºС); t1, t2 – temperatures of a surface of a friction and environment, ºС; е1 – the dimensionless number, changing from 0 to 1,0; Св – constant Stephana-Boltsmana, W / (m2 К4); A – the areas polished and opaque surfaces of a metal element of a friction. Communication between quantity of the warmth accumulated in superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction, and the electric current generated on cooperating microledges of surfaces of a friction, looks like: Q (7) I 2R where R – electric resistance of contacts (microledges), Ohm. Conclusions. Thus, the concept of pulse interaction of electrons and ions (internal) in pripoverkhnostny and blankets of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pairs, and also contact and pulse interaction of microledges (external) their surfaces in a uniform electric, magnetic and thermal field is confirmed. The interrelation of gradiyentny parameters of the electric, magnetic and thermal fields arising and developing in superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of metalpolymeric pairs of a friction of brake mechanisms is established, which are incorporated in a uniform power field of interaction as at closed and opened their condition. List of references 1. Сидоренков В.В. Единое поле силового пространственного взаимодействия материальных тел / В.В. Сидоренков. – Труды VI-ой Всероссийской конференции «Необратимые процессы в природе и технике». Часть III. – М.: МГТК им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2011. – С. 215 – 224. 2. Закономерности формирования энергетический уровней металлополимерных пар трения / А.И. Вольченко, Н.С. Кулик, М.В. Киндрачук [и др.] // Проблеми тертя та зношування: наук-техн. зб. – К.: НАУ, 2013. – Вип. 59. – С. 2 – 22. 3. Киндрачук М. В. Явление тепловой стабилизации в металлополимерных парах трения (диплом открытия №444)/ М.В. Киндрачук, А.И.Вольченко, Н.А. Вольченко, Д.А. Вольченко. – Заявитель: Национальный авиационный университет (Украина). Приоритет открытия: 31 декабря 1970г. 4. Вольченко Д.А. Научные основы управления износофрикционными свойствами металлополимерных пар трения тормозов для предотвращения термостабилизационного явления: дисс. … докт. техн. наук: 05.02.04/ Вольченко Дмитрий Александрович. – Киев, 2012. – 424с. – На укр. яз. Article received on 05.14.2013 ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60) 41 Д.Ю. ЖУРАВЛЕВ ЕДИНОЕ ПОЛЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕТАЛЛОПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПАР ТРЕНИЯ Проиллюстрировано единое поле применительно к металлополимерным парам трения тормозных устройств на основе контактно-импульсного взаимодействия микровыступов поверхностей. Последнее включает в себя электрическое, магнитное и тепловое поле, которые между собой взаимосвязаны. Ключевые слова: металлополимерная пара трения, контактно-импульсное взаимодействие, электрическое и тепловое поле, единое поле взаимодействия. Zhuravlyov Dmytro Yuriyovich – Cand.Tech.Sci., assistant professor to Mekhanika's chair of cars Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas.