Download UDC 621

35
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
UDC 621.891
D.Y. ZHURAVLEV
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine
THE INTEGRATED FIELD OF INTERACTION OF METAL-POLYMER
FRICTION PAIRS
The integrated field applied to the metal-polymer pair friction of the band-shoe brakes
is illustrated on the basis of the contact-impulse interaction of the surface
microprojections. The integrated field includes electric, magnetic and heat fields
which are interrelated.
Key words: metal-polymer pair friction, contact-impulse interaction, electric and heat
field, integrated field of interaction.
Introduction. The work [1] which has appeared recently concerning a uniform
field of interaction of the Universe forced us will address to possibility of an
assessment of a uniform field of interaction with reference to metalpolymeric pairs of
friction of brake mechanisms. An assessment of a uniform field of interaction give in
that case to considered system if in it irreversible processes take place. The last are an
integral part of contact and pulse interaction of microledges of surfaces of
metalpolymeric pairs of friction. In the light of the foregoing also we will stop on a
condition of this problem.
Problem condition. Metalpolymeric pairs of friction of brake mechanisms belong
to open electrodynamic systems, both in closed, and in the opened condition.
The specified systems exchange energiya and gaseous substances with
environment, changing thus structure and properties of superficial and
pripoverkhnostny layers of metalpolymeric pairs of friction, especially polymeric
frictional slips. Thus on cooperating surfaces of a friction secondary structures as a
result of joint action of deformation, electric, magnetic, thermal, vibrating,
adsorbtsionny, diffusive and chemical processes are formed. The most part from them
is internal in connection with the electronic and ion theory with reference to metals,
semiconductors and dielectrics. Besides, in the course of braking there is a continuous
dissipatsiya of mechanical energy in electric and thermal. Thus, to the last it is assigned
a part predominating in all processes. Regularities of the specified transformations are
defined by properties and structures tribomaterials, nature of contact and pulse loading
and structure of the technological environment.
On the basis of above stated we will pass to consideration of power levels of
superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of polymeric slips.
Power levels of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of polymeric slips.
Active dielectrics are the material environment, allowing to reach direct transformation
of energy and information. The specified converting functions are caused by physical
structure and a chemical composition of frictional polymeric materials and their
superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers. Classification of the main physical effects
which appeared to some extent in a polymeric slip at its work in frictional knot is
given in tab. 1.
Table 1
The main effects in "active" (smart) dielectrics
Response
Influence
The mechanical
The electric
The magnetic
The thermal
36
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
Electric field
Return
пьезоэффект
Polarization,
electric
current
Electromagnet
ic effect
Magnetic field
Magnetostrictio
n
Magnetoelectr
ic effect
Magnetization
Mechanical
tension
Deformation
Straight line
пьезоэффект
Pyezomagnitny
effect
Elektrokalorichesky
effect
Magnitokalorichesky
effect
Elastic
the thermal
effect
Warmth change
Thermal
expansion
Piroelektrichesky
effect
Termomag
nitny effect
Thermal
capacity
For ordering and presentation used the influence response method. Impact on a
polymeric slip is made from the outside when braking. Thus depending on a mode of
loading of frictional knot in a slip there are various fields (mechanical, electric,
magnetic and thermal). In polymeric slips the main influence renders electric field.
When studying impact on them other types of fields (mechanical, thermal, magnetic) it
is necessary to consider change of electric properties of its superficial and
pripoverkhnostny layers. By "response" of frictional materials of a polymeric slip mean
the physical phenomena induced in them. It can be not only an electric current or
electric potential (created by charges on a surface and in a pripoverkhnostny layer of a
polymeric slip), but also deformations, magnetization, change of superficial and
volume temperature, etc. As influences vector fields serve: electric, magnetic, thermal
and tenzorny fields, for example, field of mechanical tension. The weakest influence
from above-mentioned fields the magnetic field which in most cases does not change
properties of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of a polymeric slip as they are,
mainly, diamagnetics or paramagnetics possesses.
Comparative analysis of power zones of materials of pairs of friction of brake
mechanisms. The structure of power zones of electrons in crystal polymers and metals
is qualitatively various [2]. At rapprochement of atoms and formation of a crystal
electronic levels of energy of atoms at the expense of their interaction are split, forming
zones (fig. 1).
a
b
c
d
Fig. 1. Comparison of power zones of dielectric (a) the semiconductor (b), semi-metal (c) and
metal (d): CZ – a conductivity zone; VZ – valency zone; PC – a power crack
Especially strong splitting occurs in electric levels of external (valency) electrons as
they cooperate with each other, than electrons of deep covers of atom more strongly. The
type of electronic ranges of crystals depends on features of nuclear wave functions of
particles and from extent of their overlapping at rapprochement of atoms in the course of
formation of a crystal. It is established that power levels of zones of electrons and ions in
materials of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pair depending on modes of braking
should provide sufficient power consumption at regulated conductivity (see fig. 1).
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
37
Comparison of power ranges of metals, semi-metals, semi-conductor dielectrics
showed the following (fig. 2). In metals distinction in energy between a valency zone
and a zone of conductivity is insignificant, owing to what electrons easily change
energy, passing from level to level. Electrons in metals are almost free, they are not
localized and belong to all crystal, not forming spatial directed communications
between ions. In all other crystals the majority of electrons is to some extent localized.
Energy of excitement is almost equal in semi-metals to zero so even at T temperature =
0 there should be the mobile electrons providing infinitely big conductivity.
Nevertheless, already in semi-metals the most part of electrons is localized between
atoms and forms in a crystal prostranstvenno the directed communications.
a
b
c
d
Fig. 2. Distribution of density of electronic levels in ranges (the filled levels are shaded): a –
metal with odd number of electrons in an elementary cell; b – dielectric (semiconductor) with a
crack ΔW between the filled zone (valency) and empty zone (a conductivity zone); c – metal
with even number of electrons in a cell and overlapping of the empty and filled zones; d – semimetal
In semiconductors (mainly, covalent crystals) valency electrons form accurately
directed орбитали, connecting atoms, and energy of excitement (ΔW) exceeds thermal
energy (ΔW> kT).
Created in superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction the
thermoelements including semiconductors with p-n by transition and united in
microthermobatteries, possess straightening properties. The direct direction of a
potential barrier of a blanket of a metal element of a friction is connected with a
tension gradient provided that external tension moves electrons to the left, and the
opposite direction carries out functions of a locking zone. However for realization of
straightening properties unessentially that n-p conductors were divided by binding
components of thermoelements. In practice it is accepted to enter into the
semiconductor (thermoelement) donors and acceptors, forming thus p-n transition
somewhere in a thermoelement which is already separate microthermobattery. So, for
example, the germanic film layer can be supplied with an indium electrode on the one
hand and an antimonial layer with another, then is heated up so that atoms of electrodes
diffuse in a germanic lattice. As a result of it atoms India become acceptors, and atoms
of
antimony
–
donors.
Such recombination of electrons and holes in film microthermobatteries allows to
change a tension gradient, both in internal, and in an external chain at the expense of
diffusive currents which influence work of an exit of electrons from a metal element of
a friction. This circumstance indicates need of a new approach to a choice of materials
of pair of friction, proceeding from power level of their superficial and
pripoverkhnostny layers.
On energiya of the resolved zones, it is accepted to describe an electronic power
range of crystals, i.e. distribution of electrons in space of quasiimpulses (in a return
crystal lattice). The law of dispersion of W (p) represents simple parabolic function:
W
2k 2
 p 2 / 2m ,
2m
(1)
38
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
where m – mass of an electron.
Complicates the accounting of periodic potential of a crystal lattice this
dependence (Bloha method), leading to gaps in parabolic dependence of W (p) in the
field of a power crack (the forbidden zone) (see fig. 1). Function W (p) is continuous in
various intervals of space of the impulses called by zones of Brillyuen (for example,
area-π/a ≤ k ≤ π/a, etc.). Upon transition from Brillyuen's one zone to another this
function undergoes gaps.
On fig. 2 classification of crystals by a power range of their electrons is presented in
a bit different look (see fig. 1). Zones of an electronic range allow to construct models of
various options of electronic ranges of crystals for three main cases:
– zones of an electric range of electrons are not blocked (see fig. 2, a, b);
– zones of a power range of electrons are blocked (see fig. 2, c, d);
– zones of a power range of electrons adjoin without overlapping.
In the first case electrons occupy levels with the smallest energy. In the main
condition (T = 0) the border of this filling separating in space of impulses filled area
from the blank part of a zone, is called as F Fermi's surface. At T> 0 border of this
surface is washed away, as at the expense of thermal vozbuzhdeniye (backgrounds) the
part of electrons leaves above F, in space below F the part of levels is released. As the
distance between levels in a zone is not enough, already as much as small external
electric field (~10-22 eV) increases energy of electrons and leads to the
elektroprovodnost of metals limited only to dispersion of electrons on restrictions of a
lattice. At temperature fall conductivity of metals grows: at T → 0, σ →∞.
Fermi's surface in crystals with a power crack in an electronic range is absent, but
the middle of this crack (in the absence of impurity and local levels) is called as F0
Fermi's level (see fig. 2,). For elektroprovodnost excitement in these crystals it is
necessary, that at the expense of thermal fluctuations or other power factors the
valency zone (the hole mechanism of an elektroprovodnost) was partially released or
partially the conductivity zone (the electronic mechanism of an elektroprovodnost)
became populated electrons.
In the second case Fermi's surface of semi-metals has gaps, and their conductivity
on some orders on size is lower, than at metals.
In the third case crystals of this rare class are called as besshchelevy
semiconductors. Fermi's surface of such semiconductors represents the line or a point
in space of impulses. In besshchelevy semiconductors electrons rather easily (in
comparison with ordinary semiconductors) pass to a conductivity zone that results in
essential distinctions in dynamic properties of carriers of a charge in these substances.
The special condition of a metal element of a friction is observed at temperatures
above admissible for materials of a polymeric slip which is shined in works [3; 4]. The
assessment from the point of view of power expenses to such metal element of a
friction should occur on other parameters.
On the basis of the foregoing we will consider a uniform field of power levels of
interaction of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pair.
Uniform field of interaction of metalpolymeric pairs of friction. For observance of
principles of a uniform field of interaction performance of a condition of coherence of
properties of a topological surface of elements of pair of friction with microledges
which are considered as uniform volume, instead of as the sum of two volumes
separated from each other, or, more strictly, the nonempty not being crossed open
closed subsets (subgroups) is necessary.
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
39
Subset are fields (electric, magnetic and thermal).
The analysis of a problem of search of a uniform field of interaction (contact and
pulse) microledges of surfaces of a friction of metalpolymeric pair we will begin with
that we will give analogy of the analytical dependences describing formed on their
surfaces electric and magnetic fields:
qЭqЭ
(2)
F ЭЛ  1 2 ;
40 r 2
qМ qМ
F МГ  1 2 .
(3)
40 r 2
where qЭ, qМ – electric and magnetic charges; ε0, μ0 – electric and magnetic
permeability; r–distance between charges.
Let's provide the detailed description of units of measure specified above
constants. So, for example, size and a unit of measure of the given electric permeability
of superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric
pair 0  ö/m where an elektroyemkost C  q Э /  Э – Farada=kulon Volt answers the
relation of an electric charge "Pendent" to electric potential Joule/pendent = Volt.
Similar to, for the given magnetic permeability  0  4 L Гн/м (Henry/meter) where
inductance of L=qM/φM – Henry = Weber/ampere is defined by the relation of a
magnetic charge (stream) of Volts · with = Weber to magnetic potential Joule / Weber
= Ampere. Thus the operational Volt and Ampere parameters entering into components
given above dependences, have scalar essence with reference to electric and magnetic
potential.
Let's pass to cross consideration of electric and magnetic fields. It is known that
corpuscular electromagnetic characteristics of a microparticle are an electric charge
q Э  n  e (where n – integers; е–an electron charge), defining its electric properties,
and own angular moment S  n  / 2 (where ћ – Planck's modified constant) – the
backs, responsible for magnetic properties. And backs it is inseparably linked with a
charge of a magnetic dipole of a particle q M  n2 / 2e  . About specified cross взаи
modeystviya that fact testifies that both different charges of qЭ and qМ contain in one
elementary carrier where backs of a microparticle grows out of electromagnetic
interaction of its own electric and magnetic charge.
Let's consider a thermal field of metalpolymeric pairs of friction. Heatexchange
processes are given in tab. 2 at interaction of metalpolymeric pairs of friction in which
in analytical dependence (4) at definition of konduktivny heat exchange the
 t 
temperature gradient is applied   and at convective (5) and the radiating (6)
  
 Q 
compelled cooling the gradient of quantity of warmth is used 
 . All gradients are
  
carried to a unit of time.
Table 2
Heatexchange processes at interaction of elements of a friction
metalpolymeric pair
Type of heat exchange
Konduktivny
Settlement dependences
t Q / 


mc
(4)
40
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
The compelled
cooling:
the convective;
the radiating
Q
 t1  t2 

Q
 e1c1 At14  t24 

(5)
(6)
In the given dependences (4–6) (tab. 2) the following designations are used: Δt/Δτ
– a temperature gradient, zs/c; ΔQ – change of thermal energy, J; m–mass of a layer of
an element of a friction, kg: with – a thermal capacity of an element of a friction, J / (kg
· ºС); α – factor of heatreturn from surfaces of a metal element of a friction, W / (sq.m ·
ºС); t1, t2 – temperatures of a surface of a friction and environment, ºС; е1 – the
dimensionless number, changing from 0 to 1,0; Св – constant Stephana-Boltsmana, W /
(m2 К4); A – the areas polished and opaque surfaces of a metal element of a friction.
Communication between quantity of the warmth accumulated in superficial and
pripoverkhnostny layers of elements of a friction, and the electric current generated on
cooperating microledges of surfaces of a friction, looks like:
Q
(7)
 I 2R

where R – electric resistance of contacts (microledges), Ohm.
Conclusions. Thus, the concept of pulse interaction of electrons and ions (internal)
in pripoverkhnostny and blankets of elements of a friction of metalpolymeric pairs, and
also contact and pulse interaction of microledges (external) their surfaces in a uniform
electric, magnetic and thermal field is confirmed.
The interrelation of gradiyentny parameters of the electric, magnetic and thermal
fields arising and developing in superficial and pripoverkhnostny layers of
metalpolymeric pairs of a friction of brake mechanisms is established, which are
incorporated in a uniform power field of interaction as at closed and opened their
condition.
List of references
1. Сидоренков В.В. Единое поле силового пространственного взаимодействия
материальных тел / В.В. Сидоренков. – Труды VI-ой Всероссийской конференции
«Необратимые процессы в природе и технике». Часть III. – М.: МГТК им. Н.Э. Баумана,
2011. – С. 215 – 224.
2. Закономерности формирования энергетический уровней металлополимерных пар
трения / А.И. Вольченко, Н.С. Кулик, М.В. Киндрачук [и др.] // Проблеми тертя та
зношування: наук-техн. зб. – К.: НАУ, 2013. – Вип. 59. – С. 2 – 22.
3. Киндрачук М. В. Явление тепловой стабилизации в металлополимерных парах
трения (диплом открытия №444)/ М.В. Киндрачук, А.И.Вольченко, Н.А. Вольченко, Д.А.
Вольченко. – Заявитель: Национальный авиационный университет (Украина). Приоритет
открытия: 31 декабря 1970г.
4. Вольченко Д.А. Научные основы управления износофрикционными свойствами
металлополимерных пар трения тормозов для предотвращения термостабилизационного
явления: дисс. … докт. техн. наук: 05.02.04/ Вольченко Дмитрий Александрович. – Киев,
2012. – 424с. – На укр. яз.
Article received on 05.14.2013
ISSN 03702197 problems of friction and wear, 2013, 1 (60)
41
Д.Ю. ЖУРАВЛЕВ
ЕДИНОЕ ПОЛЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕТАЛЛОПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПАР ТРЕНИЯ
Проиллюстрировано единое поле применительно к металлополимерным парам трения
тормозных
устройств
на
основе
контактно-импульсного
взаимодействия
микровыступов поверхностей. Последнее включает в себя электрическое, магнитное и
тепловое поле, которые между собой взаимосвязаны.
Ключевые слова: металлополимерная пара трения, контактно-импульсное
взаимодействие, электрическое и тепловое поле, единое поле взаимодействия.
Zhuravlyov Dmytro Yuriyovich – Cand.Tech.Sci., assistant professor to Mekhanika's
chair of cars Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas.